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DEFINED    AND    CLASSIFIED 


Compiled  by  E.  S.  METCALF. 


CHICAGO  : 

L'OraQuetaP.  &J.  Co. 

1899 


Copyright  1899 
By  E.  S.  Metcalf. 


/7l  S-<i  S-a  .^ 

THAT  the  reader  or  student  may  be  furnished 
with  a  COMPACT  and  comprehensive  view  of 
questions  and  conclusions  around  which  the  intel- 
lectual lif^  of  man  ever  has  and  ever  will  revolve, 
this  little  volume  of  isms,  ologies,  and  kindred  matter, 
gleaned  from  the  most  reliable  authorities,  is  pub- 
lished. It  will  be  admitted  that  all  ideas,  whether 
objective  or  subjective,  are  not  of  equal  rank  and  im- 
portance ;  that  the  quality,  extension,  and  pivotal 
character  of  such  are  what  give  superiority  or 
princely  rank  and  value  to  them,  and  the  terms  that 
stand  as  their  representatives.  Mind  is  as  superior 
to  matter  as  life  is  to  death.  That  upon  which  all 
else  depends  is  readily  admitted  to  be  supreme  ; 
hence,  subjects  for  consideration  that  involve  such, 
pre-eminently  outrank  all  others.  We  find  these 
bearing  the  stately  names  of  tsms  or  ologies.  They 
present  themselves  to  us  as  gems,  or  nuggets  of  gold 
separated  from  their  alloy.  They  represent  the  head 
— the  heart— and  the  soul  of  the  great  dead  past,  the 
mighty  present,  the  inevitable  and  mysterious  future. 
While  rushing  on  through  time  and  space  to  the 
great  unknown,  catching  here  and  there  a  bit  of  sun- 
shine and  plenty  of  shadow,  it  is  believed  that  the 
reader  will  find  it  both  pleasant  and  profitable  to 
turn,  now  and  then,  to  this  volume  and  read,  reread, 
and  compare  with  easy  reflection  the  ideas  herein 
defined  and  classified,  and  thereby  keep  easily  in 
touch  with  the  past,  and  more  readily  understand  and 
place  value  on  current  truths  and  speculations. 

The  matter  following  the  isms  and  ologies  is  sub- 
mitted as  aids  or  worthy  associates,  and  will  be  found 
generally  as  well  as  specifically  useful. 

E.  S.  Metcalf, 


CONTENTS. 

Page, 
Introduction 3-10 

Doctrinal  and  Sectarianisms 13-62 

Theoretical  and  Scientific 63-77 

Civic-isms 78-90 

Miscellany 93-142 

Divinations 143-149 


INTRODUCTION. 


ORIENTAL,    GREEK,    AND    ROMAN    PHILO- 
SOPHICAL  SYSTEMS,   B.  C. 

At  the  important  era  of  Christ't  appearance  in  the  world,  two 
kinds  of  Philosophy  prevailed  among  civilized  nations.  One  was 
the  philosophy  of  the  Greeks,  adopted  also  by  the  Romans  ;  and 
the  other,  that  of  the  Orientals,  which  had  a  great  number  of 
votaries  in  Persia,  Syria,  Chaldea,  Egypt,  and  even  among  the 
Jews.  The  former  was  distinguished  by  the  simple  title  oi philos- 
ophy. The  latter  was  honored  by  the  more  pompous  appellation 
o{  science  or  knowledge  ;  since  those  who  adhered  to  the  latter  sect 
pretended  to  be  restorers  of  the  knowledge  of  God,  which  was  lost 
in  the  world.  The  followers  of  both  these  systems,  in  consequence 
of  vehement  disputes  and  dissensions  about  several  points,  subdi- 
vided themselves  into  a  variety  of  sects.  It  is,  however,  to  be 
observed,  that  all  the  sects  of  the  Oriental  philosophy  deduced 
their  various  tenets  from  one  fundamental  principle,  which  they 
held  in  common  ;  but  the  Greeks  were  much  divided  about  the 
first  principles  of  science. 

Amongst  the  Grecian  sects  there  were  some  who  declaimed 
openly  against  religion,  and  denied  the  immortality  of  the  soul  ; 
and  others,  who  acknowledged  a  Deity,  and  a  state  of  future  re- 
wards and  punishments.  Of  the  former  kind  were  the  Epicureans 
and  Academics  ;  of  the  latter,  the  Platonists  and  Stoics.  The 
Epicureans  derived  their  name  from  Epicurus,  who  was  born  in 
the  hundred  and  ninth  olympiad,  242  years  before  Christ.  He 
accounted  for  the  formation  of  the  world  in  the  following  manner  : 
A  finite  number  of  that  infinite  multitude  of  atoms,  which,  with 
infinite  space,  constitutes  the  universe,  falling  fortuitously  into 
the  region  of  the  world,  were,  in  consequence  of  their  innate 
motion,  collected  into  one  rude  and  indigested  mass.  All  the 
various  parts  of  nature  were  formed  by  those  atoms,  which  were 
best  fitted  to   produce   them.     The   fiery  particles  formed  them- 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

selves  into  air ;  and  from  those  which  subsided,  the  earth  was 
produced.  The  mind  or  intellect  was  formed  of  particles  most 
subtle  in  their  nature,  and  capable  of  the  most  rapid  motion. 
The  world  is  preserved  by  the  same  mechanical  causes  by  which 
it  was  framed  ;  and  from  the  same  causes  it  will  at  last  be  dis- 
solved. 

Epicurus  admitted  that  there  were  in  the  universe  divine  nat- 
ures. But  he  asserted  that  these  happy  and  divine  beings  did  not 
encumber  themselves  with  the  government  of  the  world  ;  yet,  on 
account  of  their  excellent  nature,  they  are  proper  objects  of  rever- 
ence and  worship. 

The  science  of  physics  was,  in  the  judgment  of  Bpicurus,  subor- 
dinate to  that  of  ethics  ;  and  his  whole  doctrine  concerning  nature 
was  professedly  adapted  to  rescue  men  from  the  dominion  of 
troublesome  passions,  and  lay  the  foundation  of  a  tranquil  and 
happy  life.  He  taught,  that  man  is  to  do  everything  for  his  own 
sake  ;  that  he  is  to  make  his  own  happiness  his  chief  end,  and  do 
all  in  his  power  to  secure  and  preserve  it.  He  considered  pleasure 
as  the  ultimate  good  of  mankind  ;  but  asserts  that  he  does  not 
mean  the  pleasures  of  the  luxurious,  but  principally  the  freedom 
of  the  body  from  pain,  and  of  the  mind  from  anguish  and  pertur- 
bation. The  virtue  he  prescribes  is  resolved  ultimately  into  our 
private  advantage  without  regard'  to  the  excellence  of  its  own 
nature,  or  of  its  being  commanded  by  the  Supreme  Being. 

The  followers  of  Aristotle  were  another  famous  Grecian  sect. 
That  philosopher  was  born  in  the  first  year  of  the  ninety-ninth 
olympiad,  about  384  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 

Aristotle  supposed  the  universe  to  have  existed  from  eternity. 
He  admitted,  however,  the  existence  of  a  deity,  whom  he  styled 
\^i^  first  inover^  and  whose  nature,  as  explained  by  him,  is  some- 
thing like  the  principle  which  gives  motion  to  a  machine.  It  is 
a  nature  wholly  separated  from  matter,  immutable,  and  far  supe- 
rior to  all  other  intelligent  natures.  The  celestial  sphere,  which 
is  the  region  of  his  residence,  is  also  immutable  ;  and  residing  in 
his  first  sphere,  he  possesses  neither  immensity  nor  omnipresence. 
Happy  in  the  contemplation  of  himself,  he  is  entirely  regardless 
of  human  affairs.  In  producing  motion,  the  deity  acts  not  volun- 
tarily, but  necessarily ;  not  for  the  sake  of  other  beings,  but  for 
his  own  pleasure. 


INTRODUCTION,  5 

Nothing  occurs  in  the  writings  of  Aristotle  which  decisively 
determines  whether  he  supposed  the  soul  of  man  mortal  or  im- 
mortal. 

Respecting  ethics,  he  taught  that  happiness  consisted  in  the 
virtuous  exercise  of  the  mind,  and  that  virtue  consisted  in  pre- 
serving that  mean  in  all  things  which  reason  and  prudence  de- 
scribe. It  is  the  middle  path  between  two  extremes,  one  of  which 
is  vicious  through  excess,  the  other  through  defect. 

The  Stoics  were  a  sect  of  heathen  philosophers,  of  which  Zeno, 
who  flourished  about  350  years  before  Christ,  was  the  original 
founder.  They  received  their  denomination  from  a  place  in 
which  Zeno  delivered  his  lectures,  which  was  a  portico  at 
Athens.  Their  distinguishing  tenets  were  as  follows  :  That  God 
is  underived,  incorruptible,  and  eternal ;  possessed  of  intelligence 
and  goodness  ;  the  efficient  cause  of  all  the  qualities  and  forms  of 
things  ;  and  the  constant  preserver  and  governor  of  the  world. 
That  matter  is  also  underived  and  eternal,  and  by  the  powerful 
energy  of  the  Deity  impressed  with  motion  and  form.  That 
though  God  and  matter  subsisted  from  eternity,  the  present  reg- 
ular frame  of  nature  had  a  beginning,  and  will  have  an  end. 
That  the  element  of  fire  will  at  last,  by  an  universal  conflagration, 
reduce  the  world  to  its  pristine  state.  That  at  this  period  all 
material  forms  are  lost  in  one  chaotic  mass,  all  animated  nature 
is  reunited  to  the  Deit}',  and  matter  returns  to  its  original  form. 
That  from  this  chaotic  state,  however,  it  again  emerges,  by  the 
energy  of  the  efficient  principle  ;  and  gods  and  men,  and  all 
forms  of  regulated  nature,  are  renewed,  to  be  dissolved  and  re- 
newed in  endless  succession.  That  at  the  restoration  of  all  things, 
the  race  of  men  will  return  to  life.  Some  imagined  that  each  in- 
dividual would  return  to  its  former  body  ;  while  others  supposed 
that  after  the  revolution  of  the  great  year,  similar  souls  would  be 
placed  in  similar  bodies. 

Those  among  the  Stoics  who  maintained  the  existence  of  the 
soul  after  death,  supposed  it  to  be  removed  into  the  celestial 
regions  of  the  gods,  where  it  remains,  till,  at  the  general  confla- 
gration, all  souls,  both  human  and  divine,  shall  be  absorbed  in  the 
Deity.  But  many  imagined,  that  before  they  were  admitted 
among  the  divinities,  they  must  purge  away  their  inherent  vices 
and  imperfections  by  a  temporary  residence  in  the  aerial  regions 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

between  the  earth  and  the  moon,  or  in  the  moon  itself.  It  was 
supposed  that  depraved  and  ignoble  souls  are  agitated  after  death 
in  the  lower  regions  of  the  air  till  the  fiery  parts  are  separated 
from  the  grosser,  and  rise,  by  their  natural  levity,  to  the  orbit  of 
the  moon,  where  they  are  still  further  purified  and  refined. 

According  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Stoics,  all  things  are  subject  to 
an  irresistible  and  irreversible  fatality  ;  and  there  is  a  necessary 
chain  of  causes  and  effects,  arising  from  the  action  of  a  power, 
which  is  itself  a  part  of  the  machine  it  regulates,  and  which, 
equally  with  the  machine,  is  subject  to  the  immutable  laws  of 
necessity. 

The  moral  doctrine  of  the  Stoics  depends  upon  the  preceding 
principles.  They  make  virtue  to  consist  in  an  acquiescence  in 
the  immutable  laws  of  necessity,  by  which  the  world  is  governed. 
The  resignation  they  prescribe  appears  to  be  part  of  their  scheme 
to  raise  mankind  to  that  liberty  and  self-sufi&ciency  which  it  is 
the  great  end /of  their  philosophy  to  procure.  They  assert  that 
virtue  is  its  own  proper  reward,  and  vice  its  own  punishment ; 
that  all  eternal  things  are,  indifferent ;  and  that  a  wise  man  may 
be-  happy  in'  the  midst  of  tortures.  The  ultimate  design  of  their 
philosophy  was  to  divest  human  nature  of  all  passions  and  aflfec- 
tions ;  and  they  make  the  highest  attainments  and  perfection  of 
virtue  to  consist  in  a  total  apathy  and  insensibility  of  human 
evils. 

The  Platonic  philosophy  is  denominated  from  Plato,  who  was 
born  in  the  eighty-seventh  olympiad,  426  years  before  the  nativity 
of  Christ.  He  founded  the  old  academy  on  the  opinions  of 
Heraclitus,  Pythagoras,  and  Socrates  ;  and  by  adding  the  infor- 
mation he  had  acquired  to  their  discoveries,  he  established  a  sect 
of'  philosophers,  who  were  esteemed  more  perfect  than  those  who 
had  before  appeared  in  the  world. 

The  outlines  of  Plato's  philosophical  system  were  as  follows  : 
That  there  is  one  God,  an  eternal,  immutable,  and  immaterial 
being,  perfect  in  wisdom  and  goodness,  omniscient  and  omnipres- 
ent. That  this  all-wise  and  perfect  Being  formed  the  universe 
out  ofa  mass  of  pre-existing  matter,  to  which  he  gave  form  and 
arrangement.  That  there  is  in  matter  a  necessary  but  blind  and 
refractory  force  which  refits  the  will  of  the  Supreme  Artificer, 
so  that  he  cannot  perfectly  execute  his  designs  ;  and  this  is  the 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

cause  of  the  mixture  of  good  and  evil  which  is  found  in  the  mate- 
rial world.  That  the  soul  of  man  was  derived  by  emanation  from 
God  ;  but  that  this  emanation  was  not  immediate,  but  through 
the  intervention  of  the  soul  of  the  world,  which  was  itself  debased 
by  some  material  admixture.  That  the  relation  which  the  human 
soul,  in  its  original  constitution,  bears  to  matter,  is  t,he  source  of 
moral  evil.  That  when  God  formed  the  universe  He  separated 
from  the  soul  of  the  world  inferior  souls,  equal  in  number  to  the 
stars,  and  assigned  to  each  its  proper  celestial  abode.  That  these 
souls  were  sent  down  to  earth  to  be  imprisoned  in  mortal  bodies  ; 
hence  proceed  the  depravity  and  misery  to  which  human  nature 
is  liable.  That  the  soul  is  immortal  ;  and  by  disengaging  itself 
from  all  animal  passions,  and  rising  above  sensible  objects  to  the 
contemplation  of  the  world  of  intelligence,  it  may  be  prepared  to 
return  to  its  original  habitation.  That  matter  never  suffered  an- 
nihilation, but  that  the  world  will  remain  forever  ;  but  that  by 
the  action  of  its  animating  principle  accomplishes  certain  periods, 
within  which  every  thing  returns  to  its  ancient  state  and  place. 
This  periodical  revolution  of  nature  is  called  the  Platonic  or  great 
year. 

The  Platonic  system  makes  the  perfection  of  morality  to  con- 
sist in  living  in  conformity  to  the  will  of  God,  the  only  author  of 
true  felicity ;  and  teaches  that  our  highest  good  consists  in  the 
contemplation  and  knowledge  of  the  Supreme  Being,  whom  he 
emphatically  styles,  the  good.  The  end  of  this  knowledge  is  to 
make  men  resemble  the  Deity  as  much  as  is  compatible  with 
human  nature.  This  likeness  consists  in  the  possession  and 
Dractice  of  all  the  moral  virtues. 

A. 

After  the  death  of  Plato  many  of  his  disciples  deviated  from  his 
doctrines.  His  school  was  then  divided  into  the  old,  the  middle, 
and  the  new  academy.  The  old  academy  strictly  adhered  to  his 
tenets.  The  middle  academy  receded  from  his  system  without 
entirely  deserting  it.  The  new  academy,  founded  by  Carneades, 
an  Af.  ican  by  birth,  almost  entirely  relinquished  the  original  doc- 
trines of  Plato,  and  verged  toward  the  sentiments  which  were 
taught  by  the  Skeptic  philosophy. 

The  Skeptic,  or  Pyrrhonic,  sect  of  philosophers  derive  their 
name  from  Pyrrho,  a  Grecian  philosopher,  who  flourished  at  Pel- 
oponnesus, in  the  hundred  and  ninth  olympiad.     This  denomina- 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

tion  was  in  little  esteem  till  the  time  of  the  Roman  emperors  ; 
then  it  began  to  increase,  and  made  a  considerable  figure. 

Every  advance  which  Pyrrho  made  in  the  study  of  philosophy 
involved  him  in  fresh  uncertainty.  Hence  he  left  the  school  of 
the  dogmatists,  and  established  a  school  of  his  own  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  universal  skepticism. 

On  account  of  the  similarity  of  the  opinions  of  this  sect  and 
those  of  the  Platonic  school  in  the  middle  and  new  academy,  many 
of  the  real  followers  of  Pyrrho  chose  to  screen  themselves  from 
the  reproach  of  universal  skepticism  by  calling  themselves 
Academics. 

Pyrrho  and  his  followers  rather  endeavored  to  demolish  every 
other  philosophical  structure  than  to  erect  one  of  their  own. 
They  asserted  nothing,  but  proposed  positions  merely  by  way  of 
enunciation,  without  deciding  on  which  side,  in  any  disputed 
question,  the  truth  lay,  or  even  presuming  to  assert  that  one 
proposition  was  more  probable  than  another.  On  the  subject  of 
morals  the  Skeptics  suspended  their  judgment  concerning  the 
ground  of  the  distinction  admitted  by  the  Stoics  and  others,  be- 
tween the  things  in  their  nature  good,  evil,  or  indifferent. 

The  chief  points  of  difference  between  the  Pyrrhonists  and 
Academics  are  these :  The  Academics  laid  it  down  as  an  axiom, 
that  nothing  can  be  known  with  certainty ;  the  Pyrrhonists 
maintained  that  even  this  ought  not  to  be  positively  asserted. 
The  Academics  admitted  the  real  existence  of  good  and  evil ;  the 
Pyrrhonists  suspended  their  judgment  on  this  point.  The  Aca- 
demics, especially  the  followers  of  Carneades,  allowed  different 
degrees  of  probability  of  opinion  ;  but  the  Skeptics  rejected  all 
speculative  conclusions,  drawn  either  from  the  testimony  of  the 
senses  or  from  reasoning  ;  and  concluded  that  we  can  have  no 
good  ground  for  affirming  or  denying  any  proposition,  or  embrac- 
ing any  one  opinion  rather  than  another. 

The  Eclectic  philosophy  was  in  a  flourishing  state  at  Alexandria 
when  our  Saviour  was  upon  earth.  Its  founders  formed  the  de- 
sign of  selecting  from  the  doctrines  of  all  former  philosophers 
such  opinions  as  seemed  to  approach  nearest  the  truth,  and  of 
combining  them  into  one  system.  They  held  Plato  in  the  highest 
esteem ;  but  they  did  not  scruple  to  join  with  his  doctrines  what- 
ever they  thought  conformable  to  reason  in  the  tenets  of  other 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

philosophers.  Potamo,  a  Platonist,  appears  to  have  been  the  first 
projector  of  this  plan.  The  Eclectic  system  was  brought  to  per- 
fection by  Ammonias  Saccas,  who  blended  Christianity  with  the 
tenets  of  philosophy. 

The  moral  doctrine  of  the  Alexandrian  school  was  as  follows: 
The  mind  of  man,  originally  a  portion  of  the  Divine  Being,  hav- 
ing fallen  into  a  state  of  darkness  and  defilement  by  its  union 
with  the  body,  is  to  be  gradually  emancipated  from  the  chain  of 
matter,  and  rise,  by  contemplation,  to  the  knowledge  and  vision 
of  God.  The  end  of  philosophy,  therefore,  is  the  liberation  of  the 
soul  from  its  corporeal  imprisonment.  For  this  purpose  the 
Eclectic  philosophy  recommends  abstinence,  with  other  voluntary 
mortifications  and  religious  exercises. 

In  the  infancy  of  the  Alexandrian  school  not  a  few  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  Christianity  were  led  by  the  pretensions  of  the  Eclectic 
sect  to  imagine  that  a  coalition  might,  with  great  advantage,  be 
formed  between  its  system  and  that  of  Christianity.  This  union 
appeared  more  desirable,  as  several  philosophers  of  this  sect  be- 
came converts  to  the  Christian  faith.  The  consequence  was  that 
Pagan  ideas  and  opinions  were,  by  degrees,  mixed  with  pure  and 
simple  doctrines  of  the  gospel. 

The  Oriental  philosophy  was  popular  in  several  nations  at  the 
time  of  Christ's  appearance.  Before  the  commencement  of  the 
Christian  era  it  was  taught  in  the  East,  where  it  gradually  spread 
through  the  Alexandrian,  Jewish,  and  Christian  schools. 

The  Oriental  philosophers  endeavored  to  explain  the  nature 
and  origin  of  all  things  by  the  principle  of  emanation  from  an 
eternal  fountain  of  being.  The  forming  of  the  leading  doctrines 
of  this  philosophy  into  a  regular  system  has  been  attributed  to 
Zoroaster,  an  ancient  Persian  philosopher.  He  adopted  the  prin- 
ciple generally  held  by  the  ancients,  that  from  nothing,  nothing 
can  be  produced.  He  supposed  spirit  and  matter,  light  and  dark- 
ness, to  be  emanations  from  one  eternal  source.  The  active  and 
passive  principles  he  conceived  to  be  perpetually  at  variance  ;  the 
formertending  to  produce  good  ;  the  latter,  evil :  but  that,  through 
the  intervention  of  the  Supreme  Being,  the  contest  would  at  last 
terminate  in  favor  of  the  good  principle.  According  to  Zoroaster, 
various  orders  of  spiritual  beings,  gods,  or  demons,  have  proceeded 
from  the  Deity,  which  are  more  or  less  perfect,  as  they  are  at  a 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

greater  or  less  distance  in  the  course  of  emanation  from  the  eternal 
fountain  of  intelligence,  among  which  the  human  soul  is  a  particle 
of  divine  light,  which  will  return  to  its  source  and  partake  of  its 
immortality  ;  and  matter  is  the  last  or  most  distant  emanation 
from  the  first  source  of  being,  which,  on  account  of  its  distance 
from  the  fountain  of  light,  becomes  opaque  and  inert,  and  whilst 
it  remains  in  that  state,  is  the  cause  of  evil  ;  but,  being  gradually 
refined,  it  will  at  length  return  to  the  fountain  from  whence  it 
flowed. 

Those  who  professed  to  believe  the  Oriental  philosophy  were 
divided  into  three  leading  sects,  which  were  subdivided  into  vari- 
ous factions.  Some  imagined  two  eternal  principles,  from  whence 
air  things 'proceeded ;  the  one  presiding  over  light,  the  other 
over  matter,  and,  by  their  perpetual  conflict,  explaining  the  mix- 
ture of  good  and  evil  that  appears  in  the  universe.  Others  main- 
tained that  the  being  which  presided  over  matter  was  not  an  eternal 
principle,  but  a  subordinate  intelligence,  one  of  those  whom  the 
Supreme  I  God  produced  by  himself.  They  supposed  that  this 
being  was  moved  by  a  sudden  impulse  to  reduce  to  order  the  ruJe 
mass 'of  matter  which  lay  excluded  from  the  mansions  of  the 
Deity,  and  also  to  create  the  human  race.  A  third  sect  enter- 
tained the  idea  of  a  triumvirate  of  beings,  in  which  the  Supreme 
Deity  vjdiS,  distinguished  both  from  the  material  evil  principle,  and 
from  the  Creator  of  this  sublunary  world.  That  these  divisions 
did  really  subsist,  is  evident  from  the  history  of  the  Christian 
sects  which  embraced  this  philosophy. 

From  blending  the  doctrines  of  the  Oriental  philosophy  with 
Christianity,  the  Gnostic  sects,  which  were  so  numerous  in  the 
first  centuries,  derive  their  origin.  Other  denominations  arose, 
which  aimed  to  unite  Judaism  with  Christianity.  Many  of  the 
Pagan  philosophers,  who  were  converted  to  the  Christian  religion, 
exerted  all  their  art  and  ingenuity  to  accommodate  the  doctrines 
of  the  gospel  to  their  own  schemes  of  philosophy.  In  each  age 
of  the  church  new  systems  were  introduced,  till,  in  process  of 
time,  we  find  the  Christian  world  divided  Into  a  prodigious  variety 
of  sentiment.* 


*For  the  above  introduction  we  are  indebted  to  Miss  Hannah  Adams'  "  View 
of  Religions." — Ed. 


PART  I. 


ISMS    AND    OLOGIES. 


ISMS. 

An   Ism   is   a  theory,    or   doctrine  ;    especially,  a 

WILD    OR    visionary    THEORY. 

"  The  world  ^rew  light-headed,  and  forth   caine  a  spawn  of 
isms  which  fw  man  can  number y — Goodrich. 

DOCTRINAL  AND  SECTARIAN    ISMS. 

Agnosticism. 
That  doctrine  which,  professing  ignorance,  neither 
asserts  nor  denies.  Specifically:  (Theol).  The  doc- 
trine that  the  existence  of  a  personal  Deity,  an  un- 
seen world,  etc.,  can  be  neither  proved  nor  disproved, 
because  of  the  necessary  limits  of  the  human  mind 
(as  sometimes  charged  upon  Hamilton  and  Mansel), 
or  because  of  the  insufficiency  of  the  evidence  fur- 
nished by  psychical  and  physical  data,  to  warrant  a 
positive  conclusion  (  as  taught  by  the  school  of 
Herbert  Spencer  )  ;  —  opposed  alike  to  dogmatic 
skepticism  —  and  to  dogmatic  theism. 


14  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Arminian. 
One   who   holds    the    tenets    of    Arminius,  a  Dutch 
divine,  (b.  1560,  d.  1609). 
The  Arminian  doctrines  are  : 

1.  Conditional  election  and  reprobation,  in  oppo- 
sition to  absolute  predestination. 

2.  Universal  redemption,  or  that  the  atonement 
was  made  by  Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  none 
but  believers  can  be  partakers  of  the  benefits. 

3.  That  man,  in  order  to  exercise  true  faith,  must 
be  regenerated  and  renewed  by  the  operation  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,  which  is  the  gift  of  God. 

4.  That  man  may  resist  divine  grace. 

5.  That  man  may  relapse  from  the  state  of  grace. 

Autotheism. 

1.  The  doctrine  of  God's  self  existence. 

2.  Deification  of  one's  self ;  self-worship. 

Antinomianism. 
The  tenets  or  practice  of  Antinomians  : 
Antinomian  :  One  who  maintains  that  under  the 
Gospel  dispensation,  the  moral  law  is  of  no  use  or 
obligation,  but  that  faith  alone  is  necessary  to  salva- 
tion. The  sect  of  Antinomians  originated  with  John 
Agricola,  in  Germany,  about  the  year  1535. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  15 

Apostasy. 

An  abandonment  of  what  one  has  voluntarily  con- 
fessed ;  a  total  desertion  or  departure  from  one's 
faith,  principles,  or  party  ;  especially  the  renuncia- 
tion   of    a    religious  faith  ;    as    Julian's    apostasy,  from 

Christianity. 

Asceticism. 

The  condition,  practice,  or  mode  of  life,  of  ascet- 
ics. 

Ascetic  :  In  the  early  church,  one  who  devoted 
himself  to  a  solitary  and  contemplative  life,  charac- 
terized by  devotion,  extreme  self-denial,  and  self- 
mortification  ;  a  hermit  ;  a  recluse  ;  hence,  one  who 
practices   extreme    rigor    and    self-denial    in   religious 

things. 

Allotheism. 

The  worship  of  strange  gods. 

Anabaptism. 
The  doctrine  of  the  Anabaptists. 

In  church  history,  the  name  Anabaptists,  usually 
designates  a  sect  of  fanatics  who  greatly  disturbed 
the  peace  of  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  etc.,  in  the 
Reformation  period. 

In  modern  times  the  name  has  been  applied  to 
those  who  do  not  regard  infant  baptism  as  real 
and  valid  baptism. 


16  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Anglicanism. 

1.  Strong  partiality  to  the  principles  and  rites  of 
the  Church  of  England. 

2.  The  principles  of  the  Established  Church  of 
England  ;  also,  in  a  restricted  sense,  the  doctrines 
held  by  the  high  church  party. 

3.  Attachment  to  England  or  English  institutions. 

Anthropopathism. 

The  ascription  of  human  feelings  or  passions  to 
God,  or  to  a  polytheistic    deity. 

Augustinianism. 

The  doctrines  held  by  Augustine  or  by  the  Au- 
gustinians. 

AuGUSTiNiAN  :  One  of  a  class  of  divines,  who  fol- 
lowed St.  Augustine  ;  maintain  that  grace  by  its 
nature  is  effectual  absolutely  and  creatively,  not 
relatively  and  conditionally. 

Arianism. 
A  denial  of  the  Divinitv  of  Christ. 

Anathematism. 

A  cursing.  Anathema  :  A  ban  or  curse  pro- 
nounced   with    religious    solemnity    by    ecclesiastical 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  17 

authority    and    accompanied     by    excommunications. 
Hence  :  Denunciation  of  anything  as  accursed. 

Any  person  or  thing  anathematized,  or  cursed  by 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

Babism. 

[The  title  assumed  by  the  founder,  Mirza  Ali 
Mohammed.] 

The  doctrine  of  a  modern  religious  sect,  which 
originated  in  Persia  in  1843  5  being  a  mixture  of 
Mohammedan,  Christian,  Jewish  and  Parsee  ele- 
ments. 

Benthamism. 

That  phase  of  the  doctrine  of  utilitarianism  taught 
by  Jeremy  Bentham  ;  the  doctrine  that  the  morality 
of  actions  is  estimated  and  determined  by  their  util- 
ity ;  also,  the  theory  that  the  sensibility  to  pleasure 
and  the  recoil  from  pain  are  the  only  motives  which 
influence  human  desires  and  actions,  and  that  these 
are    the    sufficient    explanation    of    ethical    and    jural 

conceptions. 

Baalism. 

Worship  of  Baal  ;  idolatry.  Baal  :  The  supreme 
male  divinity  of  the  Phoenician  and  Canaanitish 
nations. 


18  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Brahmanism. 
The   religion   of   the    Brahman. 

Boodh. 

In  Eastern  Asia,  a  general  name  for  Divinity. 

Boodhism. 

The  religion  of  the  people  of  Burmah. 

Buddhism. 

The  religion  based  upon  the  doctrine  originally 
taught  by  the  Hindoo  sage  Gautama  Siddartha,  sur- 
name Buddha,  "  the  awakened  or  enlightened,"  in 
the  sixth  century,  B.  C,  and  adopted  as  a  religion 
by  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Central  and 
Eastern  Asia  and  the  Indian  Islands.  •  Buddha's 
teaching  is  believed  to  have  been  atheistic  ;  yet,  it 
was  characterized  by  elevated  humanity  and  moral- 
ity. It  presents  release  from  existence  [a  beatific 
enfranchisement,  Nirvana\  as  the  greatest  good. 
Buddhists  believe  in  transmigration  of  souls  through 
all  phases  and  forms  of  life.  Their  number  was 
estimated  in  1881  at  470,000,000. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  19 

Bitheism. 

Relief  in  the  existence  of  two  gods  ;  dualism. 

Consubstantialism. 
The  doctrine  of  consubstantiation. 

CONSUBSTANTIATION  : 

1.  An  identity  or  union  of  substance. 

2.  The  actual,  substantial  presence  of  the  body  of 
Christ  with  the  bread  and  the  wine  of  the  sacrament 
of  the  Lord's  Supper  ;  impanation  ;  opposed  to  tran- 
snbstantiatio7i. 

This  view,  held  by  Luther  himself,  was  called  co7i~ 
stibstantiation  by  non-Lutheran  writers  in  contradis- 
tinction to  transubstantiation,  the    Catholic  view. 

Congregationalism. 

1.  The  system  of  church  organization  which  vests 
all  ecclesiastical  power  in  the  assembled  brother- 
hood of  each  local  church. 

2.  The  faith  and  polity  of  the  Congregational 
churches,   taken  collectively. 

In  this  sense  (which  is  its  usual  signification)  Con- 
gregationalism is  the  system  of  faith  and  practice 
common  to  a  large  body  of  evangelical  Trinitarian 
churches,  which  recognize  the  local  brotherhood  of 
each     church    as     independent     of     all    dictation    in 


20  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

ecclesiastical  matters,  but  are  united  in  fellowship 
and  joint  action,  as  in  councils  for  mutual  advice, 
and  in  consociations,  conferences,  missionary  organi- 
zations, etc.,  and  to  whose  membership  the  designa- 
tion "  Congregationalists "  is  generally  restricted  ; 
but  Unitarian  and  other  churches  are  Congrega- 
tional in  their  polity. 

Clericalism. 
An    excessive    devotion    to    the    interests    of     the 
sacerdotal    order  ;    undue    influence    of    the    clergy ; 

sacerdotalism. 

Cenobitism. 

The  state  of  being  a  cenobite  ;  a  belief  or  practice 
of  a  cenobite. 

Cenobite  :  One  of  a  religious  order,  dwelling  in 
a  convent,  or  a  community,  in  opposition  to  an 
anchoret,  or  hermit,  who  lives  in  solitude. 

Ceremonialism. 
Adherence    to    external    rites  ;    fondness    for    cere- 
mony. 

Corporealism. 

A  doctrine  identical  with  materialism. 

Cosmotheism. 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  the  Supreme 
God  ;  a  philosophical  species  of  idolatry,  leading  to 
Atheism. 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  21 

Chiliasm. 

1.  The  millennium. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  the  personal  reign  of  Christ 
on  earth  during  the  millennium. 

Chiljast  :  One  who  believes  in  the  second  com- 
ing of  Christ  to  reign  on  earth  a  thousand  years ; 
a  millenarian. 

Calvinism. 

The  theological  tenets  and  doctrines  of  John  Calvin 
(a  French  theologian  and  reformer  of  the  sixteenth 
century)  and  his  followers,  or  of  the  so-called  Calvin- 
istic  churches. 

The  distinguishing  doctrines  of  this  system,  usually 
termed  the  five  poi?its  of  Calvinisfn,  are,  original  sin 
or  total  depravity,  election  or  predestination,  partic- 
ular redemption,  effectual  calling,  and  the  persever- 
ance of  the  saints. 

It  has  been  subject  to  many  variations  and  modi- 
fications in  different  churches  and  at  various  times. 

Druidism. 

The  system  of  religion,  philosophy,  and  instruc- 
tion, received  and  taught  by  the  Druids  ;  the  rites 
and   ceremonies  of  the  Druids. 


22  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Druid. 

A  priest  and  poet  of  ancient    Britons  and  of  other 

Celtic  nations. 

Demonianism. 

The  state  of  being  possessed  by  a  demon. 

Demonolatry. 
The  worship  of  demons  or  evil  spirits.  ■ 

Dogmatism. 
Magisterial  assertion. 

Dualism. 

The    doctrine    of    two    gods,    a    good    and    an   evil 

one. 

Ditheism. 

The  doctrine  of  those  who  maintain  the  existence 

of   two    gods    or    of    two    original    principles    (  as    in 

Manicheism),  one  good  and  one  evil ;  dualism. 

Deism. 

The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist  ;  the  belief  or 
system  of  those  who  acknowledge  the  existence  of 
one  God,  but  deny  revelation. 

Deism  is  the  belief  in  natural  religion  only,  or 
those  truths,  in  doctrine  and  practice,  which  man  is 
to  discover  by  the  light  of  reason,  independent  of 
any    revelation    from    God.      Hence,   Deism    implies 


/SAfS  AND   OLOGIES.  23 

infidelity,  or  a    disbelief    in    the    divine    origin   of   the 

Scriptures. 

Dollardism. 

The  doctrines  or  principles  of  the  Bollards. 

Dollard. 

1.  One  of  a  sect  of    early  reformers    in  Germany. 

2.  One  of  the  followers  of  Wycliff,  in  England. 

Donatism. 
The  tenets  of  the  Donatists. 

Donatist. 
A  follower    of    Donatus,  the    leader    of   a    body  of 
North  African  schismatics    and    purists,    who    greatly 
disturbed   the    church    in   the    fourth    century.     They 
claimed  to  be  the  true  church. 

Deinonism. 
The  belief  in  demons  or  false  gods. 

Denominationalism. 
A  denominational  or  class    spirit    or   policy  ;  devo- 
tion to  the  interests  of  a  sect  or  denomination. 

Eunomian. 
A  follower  of  Eunomius,  bishop  of  Cyzicus  (fourth 
century,  A.  D.),  who    held   that  Christ  was    not  God 
but   a   created   being,  having  a  nature  different    from 
that  of  the  Father. 


24  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  \ 

Ethnicism. 
Heathenism — Paganism  -  Idolatry. 

Euhemerism. 

The  theory  held  by  Euhemerus  (  a  philosopher, 
about  300  B.  C),  that  the  gods  of  mythology  were 
but  deified  mortals,  and  their  deeds  only  the  ampli- 
fication in  imagination  of  human  acts. 

Evangelism. 
Promulgation  of  the  Gospel. 

Exorcism. 

The  expulsion  of  evil  spirits  from  persons  or 
places  by  certain  adjurations  and  ceremonies. 

Essenism. 

The   doctrine  or  the  practices  of  the  Essenes. 

EssENE :     One    of    a  sect    among   the  Jews    in    the 

time  of   our  Saviour,  remarkable    for    their   strictness 

and    abstinence. 

Eutychianism. 

The   doctrine  of  Eutyches  and  his  followers. 

EuTYCHiAN  :  A  follower  of  Eutyches  (fifth  cent- 
ury), who  held  that  the  divine  and  the  human  in 
the  person  of  Christ  were  so  blended  together  as  to 
constitute  but  one  nature  ;  a  monophysite. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  25 

Establishmentarian. 

One  who  regards  the  Church  primarily  as  an  es- 
tablishment formed  by  the  State,  and  overlooks  its 
intrinsic  spiritual  character. 

Erastianism. 

The  principles  of  the  Erastians. 

Erastian  :  One  of  the  followers  of  Thomas  Eras- 
tus,  a  German  physician  and  theologian  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  He  held  that  the  punishment  of  all 
offences  should  be  referred  to  the  civil  power,  and 
that  holy  communion  was  open  to  all.  In  the  pres- 
ent day,  an  Erastian  is  one  who  would  see  the 
Church  placed  entirely  under  the  control  of  the 
State. 

Esotericism. 

Esoteric  doctrine  or  principles. 

Esoteric  :  Designed  for,  and  understood  by,  the 
specially  initiated  alone ;  not  communicated,  or  not 
intelligible,  to  the  general  body  of  followers  ;  pri- 
vate ;  interior  ;  acroamatic ;  said  of  the  private  and 
more  recondite  instructions  and  doctrines  of  philoso- 
phers.    Opposed  to  exoteric. 


26  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Fetichism. 

1.  The    doctrine    or    practice   of    belief  in  fetiches. 

2.  Excessive  devotion  to  one  object  or  one  idea  ; 
abject  superstition  ;  blind  adoration. 

Fetich  :   A  material    object    supposed    among    cer- 
tain African  tribes  to  represent  in  such  a  way,  or  to 
be   so   connected  with,  a  supernatural  being,  that  the   . 
possession    of    it    gives    to    the    possessor    power    to 
control  that  being. 

Formalism. 

« 

The  practice  or  the  doctrine  of  strict  adherence 
to,  or  dependence  on,  external  forms,  especially  in 
matters  of    religion. 

Familism. 

« 

The  tenets  of  the  Familists. 

Familist  :  One  of  a  fanatical  Antinomian  sect 
originating  in  Holland,  and  existing  in  England 
about  1580,  called  the  Family  of  Love,  who  held  that 
religion  consists  wholly  in  love. 

Fanaticism. 

Excessive  enthusiasm,  unreasoning  zeal,  or  wild 
and  extravagant  notions,  on  any  subject,  especially 
religion  ;  religious  frenzy. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  27 

Fatalism. 
The  doctrine  that  all   things  are  subject  to  fate,  or 
that  they  take  place  by  inevitable  necessity. 

Gallicanism. 
The  principles,  tendencies  or  action  of  those, 
within  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  France,  who 
(especially  in  1682)  sought  to  restrict  the  papal 
authority  in  that  country  and  increase  the  power  of 
the  national  church. 

Genevanism. 
Strict  Calvinism. 

Gnosticism. 

The  system  of  philosophy  taught    by  the  Gnostics. 

Gnostic  :  One  of  the  so-called  philosophers  in 
the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  who  claimed  a  true 
philosophical  interpretation  of  the  Christian  religion. 
Their  system  combined  Oriental  theology  and  Greek 
philosophy  with  the  doctrines  of  Christianity.  They 
held  that  all  natures,  intelligible,  intellectual  and 
material,  are  derived  from  the  Deity  by  successive 
emanations,  which    they  call  Eo?is. 

Henotheism. 
That  form  of    primitive  religion    in   which    each    of 
several    divinities    is    regarded    as    independent,    and 


28  IS3IS  AND   OLOGIES. 

is  prayed  to  and  worshiped  without   reference  to  the 

rest. 

Hierarchism. 

The  principles  or  authority  of  an  hierarchy. 

Hierarchy : 

1.  Dominion  or  authority  in  sacred  things. 

2.  A  body  of  officials  disposed  organically  in 
ranks  and  orders,  each  subordinate  to  the  one  above 
it  ;  a  bodv  of  ecclesiastical  rulers. 

3.  A  form  of  government  administered  in  the 
church  by  patriarchs,  .metropolitans,  archbishops, 
bishops  and,  in  an  inferior  degree,  by  priests. 

Humanitarianism. 

1.  The  distinctive  tenet  of  the  humanitarians  in 
denying  the  divinity  of  Christ  ;  also,  the  whole  sys- 
tem of  doctrine  based  upon  this  view  of  Christ. 

2.  (Philos.)     The    doctrine    that    man's  obligations 

are  limited  to,  and    dependent    alone  upon,  man    and 

the  human  relations. 

Hylism. 

A    theory    which     regards    matter    as    the    original 

principle  of  evil. 

Hylopathism. 

The  doctrine  that  matter  is  sentient  ;  that  it  pos- 
sesses a  species  of  life  and  sensation,  or  that  matter 
and  life  are  inseparable. 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  20 

Hylotheism. 

The  doctrine  or  belief  that  matter  is  God,  or  there 
is  no  God  except  matter  and  the  universe  ;  panthe- 
ism. 

Idealism. 

The  system  or  theory  that  denies  the  existence  of 
material  bodies,  and  teaches  that  we  have  no  rational 
grounds  to  believe  in  the  reality  of  anything  but 
ideas  and  their  relations. 

Ideal  :  Intellectual  ;  mental  ;  visionary  ;  fanciful  ; 
imaginary  ;  unreal  ;  impracticable  ;  Utopian. 

Immaterialism. 

1.  The  doctrine  that  immaterial  substances  or 
spiritual  beings  exist,   or  are  possible. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  external  bodies  may  be  re- 
duced to  mind  and  ideas  in  a  mind  ;  any  doctrine 
opposed  to  materialism  or  phenomenalism  ;  espe- 
cially, a    system  that    maintains    the   immateriality  of 

the  soul. 

Identism. 

The   doctrine   taught  by  Schelling,  that  matter  and 
mind,    and    subject   and    object,    are   identical   in    the 
Absolute  ;  —  called    also    the    System    or    doctrine    of 
identity. 


30  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Infralapsarianism. 

The  doctrine,  belief,  or  principles  of  the  Infralap- 
sarians. 

Infralapsarian  :  One  of  that  class  of  Calvinists 
who  consider  the  decree  of  election  as  contem- 
plating the  apostasy  as  past  and  the  elect  as  be- 
ing at  the  time  of  election  in  a  fallen  and  guilty 
state  ;  opposed  to  Sitpralapsarian.  The  former  con- 
sidered the  election  of  grace  as  a  remedy  for  an  ex- 
isting evil  ;  the  latter  regarded  the  fall  as  a  part  of 
God's    original    purpose  in    regard    to    men.     (Eccl. 

Hist.) 

Anthropomorphism. 

1.  The  representation  of  the  Deity,  or  of  a  poly- 
theistic Deity,  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human 
attributes  and   affections. 

2.  The     ascription    of     human     characteristics     to 

things  not  human. 

Jesuitism. 

1.  The  principles  and  practices  of  the  Jesuits. 

2.  Designing;  cunning;  deceitful;  crafty. 

Jesuit  :  One  of  a  religious  order  founded  by  Igna- 
tius Loyola,  and  approved  in  1540  under  the  title 
of  The  Society  of  Jesus.  The  society  was  first 
established   in   the    United   States    in     1807.     The  so- 


/SMS  AND  O  LOG  IBS.  31 

ciety  is  governed  by  a  general,  who  holds  office  for 
life.  The  Society  is  an  adjunct  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic   Church,    and    subject  to  the  orders  of  the  Pope. 

Jansenism. 

The  doctrine  of  Jansen  regarding  free-will  and 
divine   grace. 

Jansenist  :  A  follower  of  Cornelius  Jansen,  a 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Ypres,  in  Flanders,  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  who  taught  certain  doc- 
trines denying  free-will  and  the  possibility  of  resist- 
ing divine  grace. 

Karaism. 

The  doctrines  of  the  Karaites. 

Karaites  :  A  sect  of  Jews  who  adhere  closely 
to  the  letter  of  the  Scriptures,  rejecting  the  oral 
law,  and  allowing  the  Talmud  no  binding  authority  ; 
opposed  to  the  Rabbinists. 

Lutheranism. 

The    doctrines    taught    by  Luther    or    held    by    the 

Lutheran    church  ;    opposed    to    evils  in    the  Catholic 

Church. 

Latitudinarianism. 

A  latitudinarian  system  or  condition  ;  freedom  of 
opinion   in  matters   pertaining  to   religious  belief. 


?,2  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Labadist. 

A    follower    of  Jean  de  Labadie,  a  religious  teacher 

of    the    seventeenth    century,    who    left    the     Roman 

Catholic    Church    and    taught   a    kind    of    mysticism, 

and      the      obligation     of      community     of     property 

among  Christians. 

Lamaism. 

A  modified  form    of    Buddhism,    which    prevails    in 

Thibet,  Mongolia,  and  some  adjacent  parts  of   Asia  ; 

so  called  from  the  name  of  its  priests. 

Magianism. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Magi,  who  held  to  two  prin- 
ciples, one  good,  the  other  evil. 

Magi  :  A  sect  of  Persian  philosophers.  A  caste 
of  priests,  philosophers  and  magicians,  among  the 
ancient  Persians  ;  hence,  any  holy  men  or  sages  of 
the  East.       An  adherent  of    the  Zoroastrian    religion. 

Manicheism. 

A  doctrine  identical  with  that  of  the  Magi,  held 
by  the   Manichees. 

Materialism. 

The  doctrine  held  by  Materialists. 

Materialist  :  One  who  denies  the  existence  of 
spiritual    substances,    and    maintains     that    the     soul" 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  33 

of   man  is  the  result  of    a  particular    organization    of 
matter  in  the  body. 

Metempsychosis. 

The   pretended   passage    of    the    soul    into    another 

body.     The    pretended    passage    of    the     soul,    as    an 

immortal  essence,  at   the  death    of   the  animal   body, 

it    had    inhabited,  into    another    living   body,  whether 

of    a    brute    or    a    human    being  ;    transmigration    of 

souls. 

Mohammedanism. 

The  religion  or    doctrine  and  precepts    of    Moham- 
med, the  Arabian  impostor,  contained  in  the  Koran  ; 

Islamism. 

Monasticism. 

The  monastic  life,  system,  or  condition,  in  a  house 

of    religious    retirement,    or    seclusion    from    ordinary 

temporal  concerns. 

Monothelite. 

One  who  holds  that  Christ  had  one  will  only. 

Monotheism. 
The  doctrine    or  belief    that    there  is  but  one  God. 

Montanist. 
A   follower  of    Montanus,  a  Phrygian    enthusiast  of 
the    second    century,     who    claimed    that    the    Holy 


34  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Spirit,  the  Paraclete,  dwelt  in  him,  and  employed 
him  as  an  instrument  for  purifying  and  guiding  men 
in  the  Christian  life. 

Mysticism. 

1.  Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

2.  The  Doctrine  of  the  Mystics,  who  professed  a 
pure,  sublime,  and  wholly  disinterested  devotion,  and 
maintained  that  they  had  direct  intercourse  with  the 
divine  Spirit,  and  acquired  a  knowledge  of  God  and 
of  spiritual  things  unattainable  by  the  natural  intel- 
lect, and  such  as  cannot    be    analyzed    or    explained. 

3.  (Philos.)  The  doctrine  that  the  ultimate  ele- 
ments or  principles  of  knowledge  or  belief  are 
gained  by   an  act  or  process  akin  to  feeling  or  faith- 

A  Mystic  :  A  person  who  pretends  to  have  inter- 
course with  the  spirit  of  God. 

Millennianism. 

Belief  in,  or  expectation  of,  the  millennium. 

Millennium  :  A  thousand  years  ;  especially,  the 
thousand  years  mentioned  in  the  twentieth  chapter 
of  Revelation,  during  which  holiness  is  to  be  tri- 
umphant throughout  the  world.  Some  believe  that 
during  this  period  Christ  will  reign  on  earth  in  per- 
son with  his  saints. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  35 

Misotheism. 
Hatred  of  God. 

Medalist. 
One  who  regards  Father,  Son,  and  Spirit  as  modes 
of  being,  and  not  as    persons,  thus  denying   personal 
distinction   in   the  Trinity. 

Molinism. 

The  doctrines  of  the  Molinists,  somewhat  resem- 
bling the  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 

MoLiNiST  :    A  follower  of   the  opinions  of    Molina, 

a  Spanish  Jesuit    (in    respect    to    grace)  ;    an    opposer 

of  the  Jansenists. 

Monopsychism. 

The  doctrine  that  there    is    but  one    immortal  soul 

or  intellect  with  which   all  men  are  endowed. 

Macedonianism. 

The  doctrines  of  Macedonius. 

Macedonian  :  One  of  a  certain  religious  sect,  fol- 
lowers of  Macedonius,  Bishop  of  Constantinople,  in 
the  fourth  century,  who  held  that  the  Holy  Ghost 
was  a  creature,  like  the  angels,  and  a  servant  of  the 
Father  and  the  Son. 

Malebranchism. 

The  philosophical  system  of  Malebranche,  an  emi- 
nent French    metaphysician.     The    fundamental    doc- 


36  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

trine  of  his  system  is  that  the  mind  cannot  have 
knowledge  of  anything  external  to  itself  except  in 
its  relation  to  God. 

Manicheism. 

The  doctrines  taught,  or  system  of  principles  main- 
tained, bv  the  Manicheans. 

Manichean  :  A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of 
Manes,  a  Persian  of  the  third  century  A.  D.,  who 
taught  a  dualism  in  which  Light  is  regarded  as  the 
source  of  Good,  and  Darkness  as   the  source  of  Evil. 

Nativism. 

Conformity  with  the  principles  or  tendencies  of 
nature  ;  opposed  to  empiricism. 

Naturalism. 
The  doctrine  of  those  who  deny  a  supernatural 
agency  in  the  miracles  and  revelations  recorded  in 
the  Bible,  and  in  spiritual  influences  ;  also,  any  sys- 
tem of  philosophy  which  refers  the  phenomena  of 
nature  to  a  blind  force  or  forces  acting  necessarily 
or  accordingly  to  fixed  laws,  excluding  origination 
or   direction  by  one  intelligent  will. 

Nicene. 

Pertaining  to  Nice,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  where 
the    Nicene  Creed  was  formed   in  A.   D.  325. 


/SMS  AND   OLOGIES,  37 

• 

Novatianism. 

The  doctrines  or  principles  of  the  Novatians. 

NovATiAN  :  One  of  the  sect  of  Novatius,  or  Nova- 
tians, who  held  that  the  lapsed  might  not  be  re- 
ceived again  into  communion  with  the  Church,  and 
that  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

Nazaritism. 

The  vow  and  practice  of  a  Nazarite. 

Nazarite  :     A  Jew   bound  by  a   vow    to  leave    the 

hair    uncut,  to   abstain    from  wine    and    strong   drink, 

and    to     practice     extraordinary    purity    of     life    and 

devotion,  the  obligation  being  for  life  or  for  a  certain 

time. 

Neonomianism. 

The    doctrines    or   belief    of    the    Neonomians. 

Neonomian  :  One  who  advocates  or  adheres  to  new 
laws  ;  especially,  one  who  holds  or  believes  that  the 
Gospel   is  a  new  law. 

Neoplatonism. 
A  pantheistic,  eclectic  school  of  philosophy,  of 
which  Plotonius  was  the  chief  (A.  D.  205-270),  and 
who  sought  to  reconcile  the  Platonic  and  Aristotelian 
systems  with  Oriental  theosophy.  It  tends  ,to  mys- 
ticism and  theurgy,  and  was  the  last  product  of 
Greek  philosophy. 


38  ISMS  AND   O  LOG  IBS, 

ff 

Origenism. 

The  opinions  of  Origen  of  Alexandria,  who  lived 
in  the  third  century  ;  one  of  the  most  learned  of  the 
Greek  Fathers. 

Prominent  in  his  teaching  was  the  doctrine  that 
all  created  beings,  including  Satan,  will  ultimately 
be  saved. 

Obscurantism. 

The  system   or   the   principles   of  the    Obscurants. 

Obscurant  :  One  who  obscures  ;  one  who  pre- 
vents enlightenment,  or  hinders  the  progress  of 
knowledge  and  wisdom. 

Optimism. 

The  opinion  or  doctrine  that  everything  in  nature, 
being  the  work  of  God,  is  ordered  for  the  best,  or 
that  the  ordering  of  things  in  the  universe  is  such  as 
to  produce   the  highest  good. 

Occasionalism. 

.The  system  of  occasional  causes  ;  a  name  given  to 
certain  theories  of  the  Cartesian  School  of  philoso- 
phers, as  to  the  intervention  of  the  First  Cause,  by 
which  they  account  for  the  apparent  reciprocal  ac- 
tion of  the  soul  and  the  body. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES,  39 

Occultism. 

A  certain  Oriental  system  of  theosophy. 
Occult  :    Hidden  from  the  eye  or  the  understand- 
ing ;  invisible  ;  secret  ;  concealed  ;  unknown. 

Partialism. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Partialists. 

Partialist  :  One  who  holds  that  the  atonement 
was  made  only  for  a  part  of  mankind  ;  that  is,  for 
the  elect. 

Paganism. 

The  state  of  being  a  Pagan  ;  Pagan  characteristics; 
especially  the  worship  of  idols  or  false  gods,  or  the 
system  of  religious  opinions  and  worship  maintained 
by  Pagans  ;   heathenism. 

Propagandism. 

The  act  or  practice  of  propagating  tenets,  carrying 
from  place  to  place,  as  the  Christian  religion. 

Premonstratensian. 

One  of  a  religious  order  of  regular  canons  founded 
by  St.  Norbert  at  Premontre,  in  France,  in  1119. 
The  members  of  the  order  are  called  also  White 
Canons,  Norbcrtines,  and  Prcmonstrants. 


40  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Presbyterianism. 

That  form  of  church  government  which  invests 
presbyters  with  all  spiritual  power  and  admits  no 
prelates  over  them  ;  also,  the  faith  and  quality  of 
the  Presbyterian  church,  taken  collectively. 

Plymouth  Brethren. 

The  members  of  a  religious  sect  which  first  ap- 
peared at  Plymouth,  England,  about  1830.  They 
protest  against  Sectarianism,  and  reject  all  official 
ministry  or  clergy. 

Polytheism. 
The  doctrine  of,  or  belief  in,  a    plurality    of   gods. 

Positivism. 

A  system  of  philosophy  originated  by  M.  Auguste 
Conte,  which  deals  only  with  positives.  It  excludes 
from  philosophy  everything  but  the  natural  phenom- 
ena or  properties  of  knowable  things,  together  with 
their  invariable  relations  of  co-existence  and  succes- 
sion, as  occurring  in  time  and  space.  Such  relations 
are  denominated  laws,  which  are  to  be  discovered 
by  observation,  experiment,  and  comparison.  This 
philosophy  holds  all  inquiry  into  causes,  both  effi- 
cient and  final,  to  be  useless  and  unprofitable. 


JSMS  AND   OLOGIES.  41 

Prelatism. 
Pertaining  to  prelates  or  prelacy. 

Patriarchism. 

Government    by    patriarch,     or    the    head    of     the 

family. 

Patripassian. 

One  of  a  body  of  believers  in  the  early  church 
who  denied  the  independent  pre-existent  personality 
of  Christ,  and  who,  accordingly,  held  that  the  Fa- 
ther suffered  with  the  Son. 

Paulician. 

One  of  a  sect  of  Christian  dualists  originating  in 
Armenia  in  the  seventh  century.  They  rejected  the 
Old  Testament  and  a  part  of  the  New  one. 

Perfectionism. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Perfectionists. 

Perfectionist  :  One  pretending  to  perfection  ; 
especially,  one  pretending  to  moral  perfection  ;  one 
who  believes  that  persons  may  and  do  attain  moral 
perfection  and  stainlessness   in   this  life. 

Pantheism. 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  taken  or  conceived 
of  as  a  whole  is  God  ;  the    doctrine  that  there  is  no 


42  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

God,  but    the    combined    forces    and    laws  which  are 
manifested  in  the  existing  universe  ;  cosmotheism. 

Platonism. 

1.  The  doctrines  or  philosophy  of  Plato  or  of  "his 
followers. 

2.  An  elevated,  rational,  and  ethical  conception 
of  the  laws  and  forces  of  the  universe  ;  sometimes 
imaginative  or  fantastic  philosophical  notions.  Plato 
held  to  two  eternal  causes,  God  and  matter. 

Plotinist. 
A  disciple    of   Plotinus,  a  celebrated    Platonic    phi- 
losopher of    the    third    century,   who    taught  that  the 
human    soul    emanates    from    the    divine    Being,    to 
whom   it  is  reunited  at  death. 

Phalansterism. 

A  system  of  Phalansteries  proposed  by  Fourier ; 
Fourierism. 

Phalanstery'  :  An  association  or  community  or- 
ganized under  the  plan  of  Fourier. 

Pharisaism. 
I.     The  notions,  doctrines,  and  conduct  of  the  Phar- 
isees, as  a  sect.     Rigid  observance  of  external  forms 
of  religion  without    genuine    piety ;    hypocrisy  in    re- 


/SAfS  AND   OLOGIES.  43 

ligion  ;    a    censorious,    self-righteous  spirit  in   matters 
of  morals  or  manners. 

Pharisee  :  One  of  a  sect  or  party  among  the 
Jews  noted  for  a  strict  and  formal  observance  of 
rights  and  ceremonies  and  of  the  traditions  of  the 
elders,  and  whose  pretensions  to  superior  sanctity  led 
them  to  separate  themselves  from  the  other  Jews. 

Pietism. 

The  principles  or  practice  of  the  Pietists. 

Pietist  :  One  of  a  class  of  religious  reformers  in 
Germany  in  the  seventeenth  century,  who  sought  to 
revive  declining  piety  in  the  Protestant  churches  ; 
often  applied  as  a  term  of  reproach  to  those  who 
make  a  display  of  religious  feeling. 

Psychism. 

The  doctrine  of  Ouesne,  that  there  is  a  fluid  uni- 
versr.lly  diffused,  and  equally  animating  all  living 
beings,  the  difference  in  their  actions  being  due  to 
the  difference  of  the  individual  organizations. 

Pillarist. 
One    of    an    ancient    sect   of    Christians  who   stood 
continually  on  a  pillar. 


44  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Patripassians. 
A  sect  of    religionists  who    held  that  God,  the  Fa- 
ther, suffered  with  Christ. 

Pedobaptism. 

The  doctrine  of  those  who  hold  to  infant  baptism. 

Psychopannychism. 

The    doctrine    that    the    soul    falls    asleep    at    death 

and    does    not    wake    until    the    resurrection   of    the 

body. 

Purgatory. 

A  state  or  place  of  purification  after  death  ;  ac- 
cording to  the  Roman  Catholic  creed,  a  place  or  a 
state  believed  to  exist  after  death,  in  which  the 
souls  of  persons  are  purified  by  expiating  such  of- 
fenses committed  in  this  life  as  do  not  merit  eternal 
damnation,  or  in  which  they  fully  satisfy  the  justice 
of  God  for  sins  that  have  been  forgiven.  After  this 
purgation  from  the  impurities  of  sin,  the  souls  are 
believed  to  be  received  into  heaven. 

PuRGATORiAN  :    One  who    holds   to    the    doctrine  of 

Purgatory. 

Puritanism. 

The    doctrines,  notions,  or  practice  of  Puritans. 

Puseyism. 
The  principles  of  Dr.   Pusey  and  others  at  Oxford, 
England,  as   exhibited    in   various    publications,  espe- 


/SMS  AND   OLOGIES.  45 

cially  in  a  series  which  appeared  from    1833  to   1841, 
designated  "Tracts  for  the  Times";  tractarianism. 

Protestantism. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  protestant,  especially 
against  the    Roman  Catholic  Church  ;    the    principles 
or  religion  of  the  Protestants. 

Psilanthropism. 
The  doctrine  that  Christ  was  a  mere  man. 

Predestinarianism. 

The  system  or  doctrine  of  the  Predestinarians. 
The  purpose  of  God  from  eternity  respecting  all 
events;  especially,  the  preordination  of  men  to  ever- 
lasting happiness  or  misery. 

Prelatist. 
One    who    supports    or    advocates    prelacy,    or    the 
government    of    the    church    by    prelates  ;    hence,    a 
high- churchman. 

Pyrrhonism. 

From  Pyrrho,  the  founder  of  a  school  of  skeptics 
in  Greece  (about  300  B.  C.)  Skepticism  ;  universal 
doubt. 

Pyrrhonist  :  A  follower  of  Pyrrho,  a  skeptic. 


46  IS3fS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Pythagorism. 
The   doctrine  of    Pythagoras    or   the    Pythagoreans. 

Pythagoras  made  numbers  the  basis  of  his  philo- 
sophical system,  as  well  physical  as  metaphysical. 
The  doctrine  of  the  transmigration  of  souls  (Metem- 
psychosis)   is  associated    closely   with    the    name   of 

Phythagoras. 

Quietism. 

The  system  of  the  Quietists,  who  maintained  that 
religion  consists  in  the  withdrawal  of  the  mind  from 
worldly  interests  and  anxieties,  and  its  constant  em- 
ployment  in   the    passive  contemplation  of    God  and 

his  attributes. 

QuiETiST :     One    of    a    sect   of    Mystics   originated 

in   the    seventeenth    century    by    Molinos,   a    Spanish 

priest,  living  in  Rome. 

Rationalism. 

1.  The  doctrine  or  system  of  those  who  deduce 
their  religious  opinions  from  reason  or  the  under- 
standing, as  distinct  from,  or  opposed   to,  revelation. 

2.  The  system  that  makes  rational  power  the 
ultimate  test  of  truth ;  opposed  to  sensualism,  or 
sensationalism  and  empiricism. 

Romanism. 

The  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  the  Roman 
Catholic   religion. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  47 

Recusant. 
One  who    refuses    to    conform    to  the  rights  of  the 
Established    Church    of    England.       Refusing    to    ac- 
knowledge the  supremacy  of  the  king. 

Sabbatism. 

Rest,  intermission  of  labor. 

Sabbatarian  :  One  who  regards  and  keeps  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week  holy,  agreeably  to  the  let- 
ter of  the  Fourth  Commandment  in  the  Decalogue. 

Satanism. 

A  diabolical  spirit  ;  the  evil  and  malicious  disposi- 
tions of  Satan. 

Satan  :  The  great  adversary  ;  the  devil  ;  the  chief 
of   the  fallen  angels. 

Sabianism. 
Worship  of  the  Sun,  Moon  and  Stars 

Shintoism. 

One  of  the  two  great  systems  of  religious  belief 
in  Japan.  Its  essence  is  ancestor  worship,  and  sacri- 
fice to  dead  heroes. 

Scholasticism. 

The  methods  or  subtleties  of  the  schools  of  phi- 
losophy ;  scholastic  formality  ;  scholastic  doctrines  or 
philosophy. 


48  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Shamanism. 

The  type  of  religion  which  once  prevailed  among 
all  the  Ural-Altaic  peoples  (Hungusic,  Mongol  and 
Turkish),  and  which  still  survives  in  various  parts  of 
Northern  Asia.  The  Shaman,  or  wizard  priest,  deals 
with  good  as  well  as  evil  spirits,  especially  the  good 
spirits    of   ancestors. 

Sectarianism. 

The  quality  or  character  of  a  Sectarian  ;  devotion 
to  the  interests  of  the  party ;  excess  of  partisan'  or 
devotional  zeal ;  adherence  to  a  separate  church  or- 
ganization. 

Sectarian  :  One  of  a  sect  ;  a  member  or  adherent 
of  a  special  school,  denomination,  or  religious  or 
philosophical  party  ;  one  of  a  party  in  religion  which 
has  separated  itself  from  an  established  church,  or 
which  holds  tenets  different  from  those  of  the  pre- 
vailing denomination   in  a  state. 

Sect  :  Those  following  a  particular  leader  or  au- 
thority, or  attached  to  a  certain  opinion  ;  a  company 
or  set  having  a  common  belief  or  allegiance  distinct 
from  others;  in  religion,  the  believers  in  a  particular 
creed,  or  upholders  of  a  particular  practice  ;  espe- 
cially,   in    modern    times,  a  party  dissenting  from  an 


ISMS  AND   O  LOG  IBS.  49 

established  church  ;  a  denomination  ;  in  philosophy, 
the  disciples  of  a  particular  master  ;  a  school  ;  in 
society  and  the  state,   an  order,  rank,  class,  or  party. 

Supralapsarians. 

The  Supralapsarians  are  persons  who  hold  that 
God,  without  any  regard  to  the  good  or  evil  works 
of  men,  has  resolved,  by  an  eternal  decree,  sitpra 
lapsiim,  antecedently  to  any  knowledge  of  the  fall  of 
Adam,  and  independently  of  it,  to  save  some  and 
reject  others  ;  or  in  other  words,  that  God  intended 
to  glorify  his  justice  in  the  condemnation  of  some, 
as  well  as  his  mercy  in  the  salvation  of  others  ;  and 
for  that  purpose,  decreed  that  Adam  should  neces- 
sarily fall. 

Stoicism. 

1.  The    opinions  and  maxims  of   the  Stoics. 

2.  A  real  or  pretended  indifference  to  pleasure 
or  pain  ;  insensibility  ;  impassiveness, 

'  Stoic:  A  disciple  of  the  philosopher  Zeno  ;  one 
of  a  Greek  sect  which  held  that  men  should  be  free 
from  passion,  unmoved  by  joy,  or  grief,  and  should 
submit  without  complaint  to  unavoidable  necessity, 
by  which  things  are  governed. 


50  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Sufism. 

A  refined  mysticism  among  certain  classes  of 
Mohammedans,  particularly  in  Persia,  who  hold  to 
a  kind  of  pantheism,  and  practice  extreme  asceti- 
cism  in    their  lives. 

Swedenborgianism. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Swedenborgians. 

SwEDENBORGiAN  I  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of 
the  New  Jerusalem  church,  as  taught  by  Emanuel 
Swedenborg,  a  Swedish  philosopher  and  religious 
writer,  who  was  born  A.  D.  1688  and  died  1772. 
Swedenborg  claimed  to  have  direct  intercourse  with 
the  spiritual  world  through  the  opening  of  his  spirit- 
ual senses  in  1745.  He  taught  that  the  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  as  comprehending  in  himself  all  the  fullness 
of  the  Godhead,  is  the  one  only  God  ;  and  that 
there  is  a  spiritual  sense  to  the  Scriptures  which  he 
(Swedenborg)  was  able  to  reveal,  because  he  saw 
the     correspondence    between    natural    and    spiritual 

things. 

Supernaturalism. 

1.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  supernatural. 

2.  (Theology.)  The  doctrine  of  a  divine  and 
supernatural  agency  in  the  production  of  the  miracles 
and    revelations  recorded    in   the   Bible,   and   in   the 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  51 

grace  which  renews  and  sanctifies  men  ;  in  opposition 
to  the  doctrine  which  denies  the  agency  of  another 
than  physical  or  natural  causes  in  the  case. 

Syncretism. 

Attempted  union  of  principles  or  parties  irrecon- 
cilably at  variance  with  each  other. 

Syncretist:  One  who  attempts  to  unite  principles 
or  parties  which  are  irreconcilably  at  variance ;  es- 
pecially an  adherent  of  George  Calixtus  and  other 
Germans  of  the  seventeenth  century,  who  sought  to 
unite  or  reconcile  the  Protestant  sects  with  each 
other  and  with  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  thus  oc- 
casioned a  long  and  violent  controversy  in  the  Lu- 
theran Church. 

Spinozism. 

The    doctrines   of   Spinoza,    consisting   in   Atheism 

and    Pantheism. 

Spiritualism. 

The  doctrine  that  all   that   exists   is  spirit   or   soul 

as   distinct    from     materialism  ;    the    doctrine   of    the 

existence   of    spirits    as    distinct    from    matter ;    the 

state  of  being  spiritual. 

Sabbatarianism. 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  Sabbath,  or  the  tenets  of 
the  Sabbatarians. 


52  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Sabbatarian  :  One  who  regards  and  keeps  the 
seventh  day  of  the  week  as  holy,  agreeably  to  the 
letter  of  the  Fourth  Commandment  in  the  Decalogue. 

There  were  Christians  in  the  early  church  who 
held  this  opinion,  and  certain  Christians,  especially 
the  Seventh  Day  Baptists,  hold  it  now. 

Sabellianism. 

The  doctrines  or  tenets  of  Sabellius. 

Sabellian  :  A  follower  of  the  Sabellius,  a  pres- 
byter of  Ptolemais  in  the  third  century,  who  main- 
tained that  there  is  but  one  person  in  the  God- 
head, and  that  the  Son  and  Holy  Spirit  are  only 
different  powers,  operations,  and    offices    of   the    one 

God  the  Father. 

Sabianism. 

The  doctrine  of  the   Sabians  ;  the  Sabian   religion ; 

that  species   of  idolatry  which   consists  in  worshiping 

the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  ;  heliolatry. 

Sentiment. 

A  thought  prompted  by  passion  or  feeling  ;  a 
state  of  mind  in  view  of  some  subject  ;  feeling  to- 
ward or  respecting  some  person  or  thing  ;  disposition 
prompting   to  action  or  expression. 

Syn. — Thought  ;  opinion  ;  notion  ;  sensibility  ;  feel- 
ing ;  sentiment. 


ISMS  AND  O LOG  IBS.  5^ 

Opinion,  Feeling.  An  opi?iio?i  is  an  rntellectual 
judgment  in  respect  to  any  and  every  kind  of  truth. 
Feeling  describes  those  affections  of  pleasure  and 
pain  which  spring  from  the  exercise  of  our  sentient 
and  emotional  powers.  Sentiment  (particularly  in 
the  plural)  lies  between  them,  denoting  settled  opitno?is 
or  principles  in  regard  to  subjects  which  interest 
the  feelings  strongly,  and  are  presented  more  or  less 
constantly  in  practical  life.  Hence,  it  is  more  ap- 
propriate to  speak  of  our  religious  sentiments  than 
opinions,  unless  we  mean  to  exclude  all  reference  to 
our  feelings.  The  word  sentiment  in  the  singular, 
leans  ordinarily  more  to  the  side  of  feeling,  and  de- 
notes a  refined  sensibility  on  subjects  affecting  the 
heart.  "  On  questions  of  feeling,  taste,  observa- 
tion, or  report  we  define  our  se/itime?its.  On  ques- 
tions of  science,  argument,  or  metaphysical  abstrac- 
tion we  define  our  opifiions.  The  sentiments  of  the 
heart.  The  opiniojis  of  the  mind.  There  is  more  of 
instinct  in  seiitiment,  and  more  of  definition  in  opinion. 
The  admiration  of  a  work  of  art  which  results  from 
first  impressions,  is  classed  with  our  scjitiments ;  and, 
when  we  have  accounted  to  ourselves  for  the  appro- 
bation, it  is  classed  with  our  opinion^!'' — W.   Taylor. 


54  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Sentimental. 

Having,  expressing,  or  containing  a  sentiment  or 
sentiments  ;  abounding  with  moral  reflections  ;  con- 
taining a  moral  reflection ;  didactic. 

Syn. — Romantic,  Sentimental.  Sentimental  usu- 
ally describes  an  error  or  excess  of  the  sensibilities ; 
Romantic,  a  vice  of  the  imagination.  The  votary  of 
the  former  gives  indulgence  to  his  sensibilities  for 
the  mere  luxury  of  their  excitement  ;  the  votary  of 
the  latter  allows  his  imagination  to  rove  for  the 
pleasure  of  creating  scenes  of  ideal  enjoyment. 
"Perhaps  there  is  no  less  danger  in  works  called 
sentime7ital.  They  attack  the  heart  more  successfully 
because  more  cautiously." — V.  K?iox. 

"I  can   not  but  look    on    an    indifference    of   mind 

as  to  the  good   or   evil  things  of    this  life  as  a  mere 

romantic  fancy  of  such  who  would   be    thought  to  be 

much    wiser    than    they    ever    were    or    could    be." — 

Stillifigfleet. 

Sacramentalism. 

The  doctrine  and  use  of  sacraments  ;  attachment 
of  excessive    importance  to  sacraments. 

Sacramentalist  :  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of 
the  real  objective  presence  of  Christ's  body  and 
blood  in  the  Holy  Eucharist. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  55 

Sacramentarian. 
A  name    given    in    the    sixteenth    century  to    those 
German     reformers    who    rejected     both     the     Roman 
and  Lutheran  doctrine  of  the   Holy  Eucharist. 

Socinianism. 

The  tenets  or  doctrines  of  Faustus  Socinus,  an 
Italian  theologian  of  the  sixteenth  century,  who  de- 
nied the  Trinity,  the  deity  of  Christ,  the  personality 
of  the  devil,  the  native  and  total  depravity  of  man, 
the  vicarious  atonement,  and  the  eternity  of  future 
punishment. 

His  theory  w^as.  that  Christ  was  a  man  divinely 
commissioned,  who  had  no  existence  before  he  was 
conceived  by  the  Virgin  Mary  ;  that  human  sin  was 
the  imitation  of  Adam's  sin,  and  that  human  salva- 
tion was  the  imitation  and  doctrine  of  Christ's 
virtue  ;  that  the  Bible  was  to  be  interpreted  by 
human  reason  ;  and  that  its  language  was  metaphor- 
ical, and    not  to  be  taken  literally. 

Skepticism. 

1.  An  undecided,  inquiring  state  of  mind  ;  doubt, 
uncertainty. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  no  fact  or  principle  can  be 
eertainly    known  ;    the    tenet    that    all    knowledge    is 


56  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES, 

uncertain,  Pyrrhonism  ;  universal  doubt ;  the  position 
that  no  fact  or  truth,  however  worthy  of  confidence, 
can  be  established  on  philosophical  grounds  ;  critical 
investigation  or  inquiry,  as  opposed  to  the  positive 
assumption  or  assertion  of  certain  principles. 

3.  A  doubting  of  the  truth  of  revelation,  or  a 
denial  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Christian  religion, 
or  of  the  being,  perfection,  or  truth  of  God. 

Sentimentalism. 

The  quality  of  being  sentimental  ;  the  character  or 
behavior  of   a   sentimentalist  ;  sentimentality. 

Schwenkfeldian. 

A  religious  sect  founded    by  Kasper  von  Schwenk- 

feld,     a     Silesian      reformer,     who      disagreed     with 

Luther,    especially   on    the    deification    of   the   body 

of  Christ. 

Transcendentalism. 

(Kantian  Philosophy.)  The  transcending  or  going 
beyond,    empiricism,   and    ascertaining   a   priori;   the 

fundamental  principles  of  human  knowledge. 

Transcendental. 

I.  Supereminent  ;  surpassing  others  ;  as  Transcen- 
dental being  or  qualities. 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  57 

2.  (Philos.)  In  the  Kantian  system,  of  or  per- 
taining to  that  which  can  be  determined  a  priori  in 
regard  to  the  fundamental  principles  of  all  human 
knowledge,  or  become  trajisccndeiit.  It  simply  sig- 
nifies a  priori  or  necessary  conditions  of  experience 
which,  though  affording  the  condition  of  experience, 
tra?isce?id  the  sphere  of  that  contingent  knowledge 
which  is  acquired  by  experience. 

3.  Vaguely  and  ambitiously  extravagant  in  specu- 
lation, imagery,  or  diction. 

Syn. — Transcendental,  Empirical.  These  terms, 
with  the  corresponding  nouns,  transcendeiitalism  and 
empirism,  are  of  comparatively  recent  origin.  Em- 
pirical, refers  to  knowledge  which  is  gained  by  the 
experience  of  actual  phenomena,  without  reference 
to  the  principles  or  laws  to  which  they  are  to  be 
referred,  or  by  which  they  are  to  be  explained. 
Traiiscetidental  has  reference  to  those  beliefs  or 
principles  which  are  not  derived  from  experience, 
and  yet  are  absolutely  necessary  to  make  experience 
possible  or  useful.  Such  in  the  better  sense  of  the 
term,  is  the  transcoideiital  philosophy,  or  Traiiscen- 
deiitalism.  Each  of  these  words  is  also  used  in  a 
bad  sense.  Empiricism  applying  to  that  one-sided 
view  of   knowledge  which   neglects  or   loses  sight  of 


58  IS  MS  AND   OLOGIES. 

the  truths  or  principles  referred  to  above,  and  trusts 
to  experience  alone  ;  Transcendentalism  to  the  op- 
posite extreme,  which,  in  its  deprecation  of  expe- 
rience loses  sight  of  the  relations,  which  facts  and 
phenomena  sustain  to  principles,  and  hence  to  a 
kind  of  philosophy,  or  a  use  of  language,  which  is 
vague,  obscure,  fantastic,  or  extravagant. 


Tavism. 

One  of   the   popular   religions   of  China,    sanctioned 

by  the  state. 

Theocrasy. 

1.  A  mixture  of  the  worship  of  different  gods, 
as    of   Jehovah    and    of    idols. 

2.  (Philos.)  An  intimate  union  of  the  soul  with 
God  in  contemplation,  an  ideal  of  the  Neoplatonists 
and  of   some   Oriental  mystics. 

Theodicy. 

A  vindication  of  the  justice  of  God  in  ordaining 
or  permitting    natural  and  moral  evil 

Tritheism. 

A  belief  in   three    Gods.  • 

Tritiieist  :  One  who  believes  that  there  are  three 
Gods  in   the  Godhead, 


ISnrS  AND  OLOGIES.  50 

Theosophy. 

Much    is   said  nowadays  about  theosophy,   which   is 
really  but  another  name  for    mysticism.     It    is    not   a 
philosophy,    for    it    will    have     nothing    to    do    with 
philosophical  methods  ;   it  might  be  called  a  religion, 
though  it  has  never  had  a  following  large  enough  to 
make  a   very   strong    impression    on    the    world's    re- 
ligious   history.     The    name    is   from  the  Greek  word 
theosophia — divine    wisdom-^and    the    object    of   theo- 
sophical  study  is  professedly  to  understand    the   nat- 
ure of  divine  things.     It  differs,  however,  from    both 
philosophy  and  theology,  even  when  these    have  the 
same    object    of    investigation.     For,    in    seeking    to 
learn    the    divine    nature    and   attributes,    philosophy 
employs  the  methods    and    principles  of    natural  rea- 
soning ;   theology   uses    these,    adding    to    them    cer- 
tain principles  derived    from    revelation.     Theosophy, 
on  the  other  hand,  professes  to  exclude  all  reasoning 
processes  as  imperfect,  and  to   derive    its    knowledge 
from    direct    communication    with     God    himself.     It 
does    not,   therefore,    accept    the   truths    of    recorded 
revelation  as  immutable,  but    as    subject  to  modifica- 
tion   by   later    direct    and    personal    revelations.     The 
theosophical  idea  has  had  followers  from  the  earliest 
times.    Since  the  Christian   era  we  may  class  among 


60  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

theosophists  such  sects  as  Neoplatonists,  the  Hesy- 
chasts  of  the  Greek  Church,  the  Mystics  of  medi- 
aeval times,  and,  in  later  times,  the  disciples  of  Para- 
celus,  Thalhuser,  Bohme,  Swedenborg,  and  others. 
Recently  a  small  sect  has  arisen  which  has  taken 
the  name  of  Theosophists.  Its  leader  was  an  Eng- 
lish gentleman  who  had  become  fascinated  with  the 
doctrine  of  Buddhism.  Taking  a  few  of  his  follow- 
ers to  India,  they  have  been  prosecuting  their  stud- 
ies there,  certain  individuals  attracting  considerable 
attention  by  claim  of  miraculous  powers.  It  need 
hardly  be  said  that  the  revelations  they  have 
claimed  to  receive  have  been,  thus  far,  without  ele- 
ment  of  benefit  to  the  human  race. 

Theosophist  :  The  theosophist  is  one  who  gives 
a  theory  of  God,  or  of  the  works  of  God,  which 
has  not  reason,  but  an  inspiration  of  his  own,  for 
its  basis. — R.  A.  Vaugha?i. 

Theogonism. 
The    generation    or    genealogy    of    the    gods  ;    that 
branch    of    heathen    theology    which    deals    with     the 
origin  and  descent  of  the  deities. 

Tritheism, 
A  belief  in  three  Gods,  in  the  Godhead. 


/SArS  AND   OLOCTES.  61 

Theism. 
Heliet  ill  the  existence  of  God. 

Theosophism. 
Pretension  to  divine  illuniination  ;  enthusiasm. 

Ultramontanism. 

The  principles  of  those  within  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  who  maintain  extreme  views  favoring  the 
Pope's  supremacy  ;  so  used  by  those  living  north  of 
the  Alps  in  reference  to  the  Italians  ;  rarely  used  in 
an  opposite  'sense,  as  referring  to  the  views  of  those 
living  north  of  the  Alps  and  opposed  to  the  papal 
claims. 

Ultramontane  : 

1.  One  who  resides  beyond  the  mountains,  espe- 
cially beyond  the  Alps  ;  a  foreigner. 

2.  One  who  maintains  extreme  views  favoring  the 
Pope's  supremacy. 

Unitarianism. 

The    doctrine     of     Unitarians,     which     denies     the 

Trinity  idea,  and  ascribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father 

only. 

Universalism. 

The  belief  that  all  men  will  be  saved,  or  made 
happy  in  a  future  life. 


62  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

Utilitarianism. 

1.  The  doctrine  that  the  greatest  happiness  of  the 
greatest  number  should  be  the  end  and  aim  of  all 
social  and  political  institutions. — BentJiam. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  virtue  is  founded  in  utility, 
or  that  virtue  is  defined  and  enforced  by  its 
tendency  to  promote  the  highest  happiness  of  the 
universe. — -/.   5.  Mill. 

3.  The  doctrine  that  utility  is  the  sole  standard 
of  morality,  so  that  the  rectitude  of  an  action  is 
determined  by  its  usefulness. 

Utilitarian  :  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of 
utilitarianism.  The  Utilitarians  are  for  merging  all 
the  particular  virtues  into  one,  and  would  substitute 
in  their  place  the  greatest  usefulness,  as  the  alone 
principle  to  which  every  question  respecting  the 
morality  of  actions  should  be  referred. — Chalmers. 


CIVIC    ISMS. 

Anarchism. 

The  doctrine  or  practice  of  ^Vnarchists. 

Anarchy  :  Absence  of  government ;  the  state  of 
society  where  there  is  no  law  or  supreme  power  ;  a 
state  of  lawlessness  ;    political  confusion. 

'  Anticivism. 

Opposition  to  the  body  politic  of  citizens. 

Boycottism. 

Methods  of  boycotters. 

Boycott  :  A  process,  fact,  or  pressure  of  boy- 
cotting ;  a  combining  to  withhold  or  prevent  deal- 
ings or  social  intercourse  with  a  tradesman,  employer, 
etc.;  social  and  business  interdiction  for  the  purpose 
of  coercion.  [Boycott,  —  from  Captain  Boycott,  a 
land  agent  in  Mayo,  Ireland,  so  treated  in   1880.] 

Bureaucracy. 
I.     A  system  of   carrying  on    the  business  of   gov- 
ernment   by  means    of    departments  or    bureaus,  each 
under    the    control    of     a    chief,    in    contradistinction 
to    a    system    in    which    the    officers    of    government 

63 


64  ISA/S  AND   OLOGIES. 

have  an  associated  authority  and  responsibility  ;  also, 
government  conducted  on  this  system. 
2.     Government  officials,  collectively. 

Bimetallism. 

The  legalized  use  of  two  metals  (as  gold  and  sil- 
ver) in  the  currency  of  a  country,  at  a  fixed  relative 
value  ;  in  opposition  to  7nonometallism. 

Collectivism. 

The  doctrine  that  land  and  capital  should  be 
owned  by  society  collectively  or  as  a  whole  ;  com- 
munism. 

Chartism. 

In  England  the  discontent  of  the  laboring  classes 
of  the  people  at  the  distinction  in  society. 

Civism. 
Patriotism,  love  or  care  of  the  public. 

Caesarism. 

A  system  of  government  in  which  unrestricted 
power  is  exercised  by  a  single  person,  to  whom,  as 
Caesar  or  emperor,  it  has  been  committed  by  the 
popular  will  ;  imperialism  ;  also,  advocacy  or  support 
of  such  a  system  of  government.  This  word  came 
into  prominence  in  the  time  of  Napoleon  III.,  as  an 


ISMS  AXn   O  LOG  FES,  ^5 

expression  of    the  claims  and    political   views  of    that 
emperor,  and  of    the  politicians   of  his  court. 

Cyphonism. 

A  punishment  sometimes  used  h}-  the  ancients, 
consisting  in  the  besmearin<^  of  the  criminal  with 
honey,  and  exposin<^  him  to  insects.  It  is  still  in 
use  among  some  Oriental    nations. 

Communalism. 

A  French  theory  of  government  which  holds  that 
each  commune  should  be  a  kind  of  independent 
state,  and  the  national  government  a  confederation 
of  such  states  having  only  limited  powers. 

It  is  advocated  by  advanced  French  republicans ; 
but  it  should  not  be  confounded  with   communism. 

Communism. 

A  scheme  of  equalizing  the  social  conditions  of 
life  ;  specifically,  a  scheme  which  contemplates  the 
abolition  of  inequalities  in  the  possession  of  prop- 
erty, as  by  distributing  all  wealth  equally  to  all,  or 
by  holding  all  wealth  in  common  for  the  equal  use 
and  advantage  of   all. 

Carbonarism. 

The  principles,  practices,  or  organization  of  the 
Carbonari. 


64  /SMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

have  an  associated  authority  and  responsibility  ;  also, 
government  conducted  on  this  system. 
2.     Government  officials,  collectively. 

Bimetallism. 

The  legalized  use  of  two  metals  (as  gold  and  sil- 
ver) in  the  currency  of  a  country,  at  a  fixed  relative 
value  ;  in  opposition  to  fnonometallism. 

Collectivism. 

The  doctrine  that  land  and  capital  should  be 
owned  by  society  collectively  or  as  a  whole  ;  com- 
munism. 

Chartism. 

In  England  the  discontent  of  the  laboring  classes 
of  the  people  at  the  distinction  in  society. 

Civism. 
Patriotism,  love  or  care  of  the  public. 

Caesarism. 

A  system  of  government  in  which  unrestricted 
power  is  exercised  by  a  single  person,  to  whom,  as 
Caesar  or  emperor,  it  has  been  committed  by  the 
popular  will  ;  imperialism  ;  also,  advocacy  or  support 
of  such  a  system  of  government.  This  word  came 
into  prominence  in  the  time  of  Napoleon  III.,  as  an 


ISMS  AND   O  LOG  FES.  65 

expression  of    the  claims  and    political  views  of    that 
emperor,  and  of    the  politicians   of  his  court. 

Cyphonism. 

A  punishment  sometimes  used  by  the  ancients, 
consisting  in  the  besmearing  of  the  criminal  with 
honey,  and  exposing  him  to  insects.  It  is  still  in 
use  among  some  Oriental    nations. 

Communalism. 

A  French  theory  of  government  which  holds  that 
each  commune  should  be  a  kind  of  independent 
state,  and  the  national  government  a  confederation 
of  such  states  having  only  limited  powers. 

It  is  advocated  by  advanced  French  republicans; 
but  it  should  not  be  confounded  with   communism. 

Communism. 

A  scheme  of  equalizing  the  social  conditions  of 
life  ;  specifically,  a  scheme  which  contemplates  the 
abolition  of  inequalities  in  the  possession  of  prop- 
erty, as  by  distributing  all  wealth  equally  to  all,  or 
by  holding  all  wealth  in  common  for  the  equal  use 
and  advantage  of  all. 

Carbonarism. 

The  principles,  practices,  or  organization  of  the 
Carbonari. 


68  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

tained  by  the  people,  but  is  indirectly  exercised 
through  a  system  of  representation  and  delegated 
authority  periodically  renewed  ;  a  constitutional  rep- 
resentative   government  ;   a  republic. 

Despotism. 

Absolute    power. 

Demagogism. 

The  practices  of  demagogues  ;  leaders  of  the 
populace    by    questionable    methods. 

Exclusionism. 

The  character,  manner  or  principles  of  an  Exclu- 
sionist. 

ExcLUSiONiST  :  One  who  would  exclude  another 
from  some  right  or  privilege  ;  especially,  one  of  the 
anti-popish    politicians  of    the   time    of   Charles   II. 

Fenianism. 

The  principles,  purposes  and  methods,  of  the  Fe- 
nians. 

Fenian  :  A  member  of  a  secret  organization,  con- 
sisting mainly  of  Irishmen,  having  for  its  aim  the 
overthrow  of    English    rule    in  Ireland. 

Feudalism. 

The  feudal  system  ;  a  system  by  which  the  hold- 
ing  of   estates    is    made    dependent    upon  an    obliga- 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  69 

tion  to  render  military  service  to  the   kin^  or  feudal 
superior  ;  feudal    principles    and    usages. 

Filibusterism. 

The    characteristics    or  practices  of   a   Filibuster. 

Filibuster  :  A  lawless  military  adventurer,  espe- 
cially one  in  quest  of  plunder  ;  a  freebooter  ;  origi- 
nally applied  to  buccaneers  infesting  the  Spanish- 
American  coasts,  but  introduced  into  common  Eng- 
lish to  designate  the  followers  of  Lopez  in  his 
expedition  to  Cuba  in  185 1,  and  those  of  Walker 
in    his  expedition   to  Nicaragua  in    1855. 

Incivism. 
Want   of    civism  or  patriotism. 

Individualism. 

The  state  of    individual   interest  or   attachment    to 

the    interest    of    an     individual    in  preference    to    the 

common   interests   of     society.  ^ 

Jacobinisin. 

Unreasonable  opposition  to   government. 

Jacobin  : 

I.  A  Dominican  Friar  ; — so  named  because,  before 
the  French  Revolution,  that  order  had  a  convent  in 
the    Rue  St.   Jacques,   Paris. 


70  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

2.  One  of  a  Society  of  violent  agitators  in  France, 
during  the  Revolution,  1789,  who  held  secret  meet- 
ings to  control  the  proceedings  of  the  National  As- 
sembly. Hence  :  A  plotter  against  an  existing  gov- 
ernment ;  a  turbulent  demagogue  ;  a  partisan  of 
James   II.   of  England. 

Know-nothingism. 

The  doctrines,  principles,  or,  practices,  of  the 
Know-nothings. 

Know-nothing  :  A  member  of  a  secret  political  or- 
ganization in  the  United  States,  the  chief  objects  of 
which  were  the  proscription  of  foreigners  by  the  re- 
peal of  the  naturalization  laws,  and  the  exclusive 
choice  of  native  Americans  for  office. 

The    party    originated    in     1853,    and    existed    for 

about  three   years.     The    members  of    it    were    called 

Know-nothings,  because  they  replied,  "  I  don't  know," 

to    any    question    asked    them     in    reference    to    the 

party. 

Legitimism. 

The  principles  or  plans  of  Legitimists. 

Legitimist  : 

I.  One  who  supports  legitimate  authority  ;  espe- 
cially one  who  believes  in  hereditary  monarchy  as  a 
divine  right. 


/SJirS  AND  OLOGIES,  71 

2.     Specifically,  a   supporter  of    the^  claims  of    the 

elder  branch  of    the    Bourbon    dynasty  to  the  crown 

of  France. 

Liberalism. 

Liberal  principles  ;  the    principles    and  methods  of 

the  Liberals    in    politics  or    religion  ;  specifically   the 

principles  of  the  Liberal  party. 

Machiavelianism. 

The  supposed  principles  of  Machiavel ;  or  practice 
in  conformity  to  them  ;  political  artifice,  intended  to 
favor  arbitrary  power. 

Militarism. 
A  military  state  or  condition  ;  reliance  on  military 
force  in  administering  government. 

Malthusianism. 

The    system    of    Malthusian    doctrines    relating    to 

population. 

Nepotism. 

Undue    attachment    to    relations ;  favoritism    shown 

to  members  of   one's  family  ;    bestowal  of    patronage 

in  consideration  of  relationship,    rather  than  of  merit 

or  of  lejjal  claim. 

Nihilism. 

I.     The    doctrine    that     nothing     can    be    known  ; 

skepticism  as  to  all  knowledge  and  all  reality. 


72  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

2.     The  theories  and  practices  of  the  Nihilists. 
Nihilist  : 

1.  One  who  advocates  the  doctrines  of  Nihilism  ; 
one  who  believes  or  teaches  that  nothing  can  be 
known,  or  asserted  to  exist. 

2.  A  member  of  a  secret  association  (especially 
in  Russia),  which  is  devoted  to  the  destruction  of 
the  present  political,  religious,  and  social  institu- 
tions. 

Nationalism. 

1.  The  state  of  being  national  ;  national  attach- 
ment ;  nationality. 

2.  An  idiom,  trait  or  character  peculiar  to  any 
nation. 

3.  National  independence  ;  the  principles  of  *the 
Nationalists. 

Nationalist  :  One    who    advocates    national    unity 

and  independence  :    one  of    the    party  favoring    Irish 

independence. 

Oligarchy. 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  few  persons  , 
also,  those  who  form  the  ruling  few 

Optimacy. 
Government  by  the  nobility. 

Optimate  :    A    noble    man    or    aristocrat  ;    a    chief 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  73 

man    in  a   state  or  city.     The  nobility  or   aristocracy 
of  ancient  Rome,  as  opposed   to  the  Populares. 

Patriotism. 

"Love  of  one's  country;  devotion  to  the  welfare  of 

one's  country  ;    the  virtues  and  actions  of    a   patriot ; 

the  passion  which  inspires  one  to  serve  his  country." 

— Berkeley. 

Phalansterianism. 

The    system    of    social    organization    recommended 

by  Charles  Fourier. 

Pan-hellenism. 
A  scheme  to  unite  all    of    the  Greeks  in  one  polit- 
ical body. 

Pan-islamism. 

A  desire  or  plan  for  the  union  of  all  Moham- 
medan nations  for  the  conquest  of  the  world. 

Pan-slavism. 
A  scheme  or  desire  to  unite  all   the  Slavic  nations 
into   one  confederacy. 

Paternalism. 

The  theory  or  practice  of  paternal  government ; 
the  assumption  by  the  governing  power  of  a  quasi- 
fatherly  relation  to  the  people,  involving  strict  and 
intimate  supervision  of  their  business  and  social  con- 


74  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES, 

cerns,    upon  the    theory    that    they    are    incapable    of 
managing"  their  own  affairs. 

Protectionism. 

The  doctrine  or  policy  of  Protectionists.  (Polit. 
Econ.)  A  theory  or  policy  of  protecting  the  pro- 
ducers in  a  country  from  foreign  competition  in  the 
home  market  by  the  imposition  of  such  discrimi- 
nating duties  on  goods  of  foreign  production  as  will 
restrict    or    prevent    their    importation  ;  —  opposed    to 

free  trade. 

Radicalism. 

The  doctrine  or  principles  of  making  reform  in 
government. 

Radical:  (Politics)  One  who  advocates  radical 
changes  in  government  or  social  institutions,  espe- 
cially such  changes  as  are  intended  to  level  class 
inequalities;  —  opposed  to  conservative. 

Royalism. 

Attachment  to  a  kingly  government. 

Republicanism. 

System  of  Republican  government. 

I.  A  republican  form  or  system  of  government; 
the  principles  or  theory  of  republican  government. 
Republican     Party.     (United     States     Politics.)     An 


ISMS  AND  OLOGTES.  75 

earlier  name  of  the  Democratic  party  when  it  was 
opposed  to  the  Federal  party.  Thomas  Jefferson 
was  its  great  leader. 

2.  One  of  the  existing  great  parties.  It  was 
organized  in  1856  by  a  combination  of  voters  from 
other  parties  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  ex- 
tension of  slavery,  and  in    i860,  it    elected    Abraham 

Lincoln  president. 

Sectionalism. 

A  disproportionate  regard  for  the  mterests  peculiar 
to  a  section  of  the  country  ;  local  patriotism,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  national. 

Socialism. 

A  theory  or  system  of  social  reform  which  con- 
templates a  complete  reconstruction  of  society,  with 
a  more  just  and  equitable  division  of  property  and 
labor.  In  popular  usage,  the  term  is  often  employed 
to  indicate  any  lawless,  revolutionary  social  scheme. 
See  Communism,  Fourierism,  Saint-Simonianism, 
forms  of  socialism. 

Saint-Simonianism. 

The  principles,  doctrines  and  practice  of  the  Saint- 
Simonians. 

Saint-Simonian  :  A  follower  of  the  Count  de  St. 
Simon,   who   died   in   1825,  and   who    maintained   that 


76  TSMS  AND   O  LOG  IBS. 

the  principle  of  property  held  in  common,  and  the 
just  division  of  the  fruits  of  common  labor  among 
the  members  of  society,  etc.,  are  the  true  remedy 
for  the  social  evils  which  exist. 

Toryism. 

The  principles  of  the  Tories. 

Tory  :    An    advocate    for    royal   power. 

**  The  word   Tory  first  occurs    in  English  history  in 

1679,  during   the    struggle    in    Parliament,  occasioned 

by  the  introduction  of  the  bill  for    the    exclusion   of 

the  Duke  of   York  from  the   line   of    succession,  and 

was    applied    by    the    advocates    of    the    bill    to    its 

opponents    as    a  title  of    obloquy   or  contempt.     The 

Tories    subsequently    took    a    broader     ground,    and 

their   leading    principle    became    the    maintenance    of 

things  as  they  were.     The  political  successors  of  the 

Tories  are  now    commonly    known   as    Conservatives^ 

— New  Am.  Cyc. 
Theocracy. 

Government  of  a  state   by  the  immediate  direction 

or    administration    of    God  ;    hence,    the    exercise    of 

political     authority    by    priests,  as    representing    the 

Deity. 

Vandalism. 

The   spirit    or    conduct    of   the  Vandals  ;    ferocious 
cruelty  ;     hostility    to     the     arts     and     literature,    or 


ISMS  AND  OLOG/ES.  77 

willful    destruction    or    defacement    of    their    -nionu- 
ments. 

Vandal  :  One  of  a  Teutonic  race,  formerly  dwell" 
ing  on  the  south  shore  of  the  Baltic,  the  most  bar- 
barous and  fierce  of  the  northern  nations  that  plun- 
dered Rome  in  the  fifth  century,  notorious  for 
destroying  the  monuments  of  art  and  literature. 
One  whe  willfully  destroys  or  defaces  any  work  of 
art  or  literature. 

Voluntaryism. 

The    principles    of    supporting    a    religious    system 

and     its    institutions    by     voluntary    association    and 

effort,  rather    than    by  the    aid    or    patronage  of    the 

state. 

Voodooism. 

A  degraded  form  of   superstition  and  sorcery,  said 

to  include    human  sacrifice  and    cannibalism    in  some 

of   its  rites.     It    is    prevalent   among    the    negroes    of 

Hayti,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  United  States,  and 

is  regarded  as  a  relic  of  African  barbarism. 


OIvOOIES. 

LOGY    IS    A    SUFFIX,    AND     DENOTES    A    THEORY  ;     OR    DOC- 
TRINE ;    OR    SCIENCE. 

THEORETICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC. 

Aetiology. 

The  science,  doctrine,  or  demonstration  of  causes  ; 
the  science  of  the  origin  and  development  of  things. 

Agnoiology. 
The  doctrme  concernmg  those  things  of  which  we 
are  necessarily  ignorant. 

Agriology. 

A    description    or    comparative  study  of    savage  or 

uncivilized  tribes. 

Alethiology. 

The   science    which    treats   of   the    nature    of   truth 

and  evidence. 

Amphibology. 

A  phrase,  discourse,  or    proposition,  susceptible    of 

two  interpretations;  and  hence,  of  uncertain  meaning. 

It    differs    from   equivocation,    which    arises    from    the 

twofold  sense  of  a  single  term. 

78 


IS/irS  AND  OLOGIES.  79 

Angelology. 

A  discourse  on  angels,  or  a  body  of  doctrines  in 
regard  to  angels.  **  The  same  mythology  commanded 
the  general  consent  ;  the  same  angelology,  demon- 
ology.' ' — Milnuiii. 

Anthropology. 

I.  The  science  of  the  structure  and  functions  of 
the  human  body. 

?..  The  science  of  man  ;  sometimes  used  in  a  lim- 
ited sense  to  mean  the  study  of  man  as  an  object  of 
natural  history,  or  as  an  animal. 

3.  That  manner  of  expression  by  which  the  in- 
spired writers  attribute  human  parts   and  passions  to 

God. 

Anemology. 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  the  wind. 

Angeology. 
The  doctrine  of  the  vessels  of   the  human  body. 

Anthropopathy. 

The  affections  of  man,  or  the  application  of  human 
passions  to  the  Supreme  Being.  The  ascription  of 
human  feelings  or  passions  to  God,  or  to  a  polythe- 
istic  deity. 


80  ISMS  AND  OLOGIES. 

"  In  its  recoil  from  the  gross  anthropopathy  of  the 
vulgar  notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute 
apathy." — Hare. 

"  The  daring  anthropopathic  imagery  by  which  the 
prophets  often  represent  God  as  chiding,  upbraid- 
ing, threatening." — Rogers. 

Archeology. 

A    discourse    on    antiquity  ;  learning    pertaining    to 

antiquity. 

Astrology. 

The  practice  or  science  of  predicting  events  by  the 

aspect  or  situation  of  the  stars. 

Augur. 

(Rom.  Antiq.)  An  official  diviner  who  pretended 
to  foretell  events  by  the  singing,  chattering,  flight, 
and  feeding  of  birds,  or  by  signs  or  omens  derived 
from  celestial  phenomena,  certain  appearances  of 
quadrupeds,  or  unusual  occurrences. 

"Augur  or  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound." 

— Dry  den. 

Astrotheology. 

Divinity  founded  on  the  observation  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies. 


ISMS  AND  OLOGIES.  81 

Asthenology. 
Doctrine  of   diseases  characterized  by  debility. 

Battology. 
A  needless  repetition  of  words  in  speaking. 

Biology. 

The  science  of  life  ;  that  branch  of  knowledge 
which  treats  of  living  matter  as  distinct  from  matter 
which  is  not  living  ;  the  study  of  living  tissues.  It 
has  to  do  with  the  origin,  structure,  development, 
function  and  distribution  of  animals  and  plants^ 

Cetology. 

The  natural    history  of    the    whale    and  its  kindred 

animals 

Chirology. 

The  art  of    communicating   thoughts  by  signs  with 

the  fingers. 

Chiromancy. 

The  practice  of  attemptmg  to  foretell  events  or  to 
discover  the  disposition  of  a  person,  by  inspecting 
the  lines  of  the  hands. 

Chronology. 

The  science  of  computing  time  and  ascertaining 
the  date  of   events. 


82  /S3/S  AND   OLOGTES. 

Conchology. 

The  doctrine  or  science  of    shells. 

Cosmology. 

The  science  of  the  world  ;  description  of  the 
world  ;  a  treatise  relating  to  the  structure  and  parts 
of  the  system  of  creation,  the  elements  of  bodies, 
the  modifications  of  material  things,  the  laws  of 
motion,  and  the  order  and  course  of  nature. 

Craniology. 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on   the   skull  ;   the    science 
that   investigates    the   structure  and   use  of    the  skull 
in  relation  to  intellectual  power. 

Demonology. 

"A  discourse  or  treatise  on  evil  spirits  ;  a  treatise 
on  demons  ;  a  supposititious  science  which  treats  of 
demons  and  their  manifestations."— ^"/r  r^;  Scott. 

"  The  established  theology  of  the  heathen  world 
.     .     .     rested  upon  the  basis  of  dcmofiismy — Farmer. 

Ecclesiology. 
The  science  of  church  building  and  decoration. 

Estheticism. 
The  doctrine  of   esthetics  ;    esthetic  principles  ;  de- 
votion to  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  art. 


ISMS  AND   OLOCFFS,  83 

Euchology. 
A  formulary  of  prayers  ;  the  book  of  offices  in  the 
Greek    Church,    containini^    the    liturgy,    sacraments, 
and  forms  of  prayers. 

Ethnology. 
The    science  which    treats  of   the    division  of   man- 
kind   into    races,    their   origin,    distribution    and   rela- 
tions, and  the    peculiarities  which    characterize    them. 

Geology. 

The  science  of    the  structure    and  materials,  of    the 

earth. 

Gigantology. 

An  account  or  description  of  giants. 

Hierology. 

The   science  that  treats  of  the   ancient  writings  and 
inscriptions  of  Egyptians. 

Horology. 

Art  of  constructing   machines    for    measuring    time. 

Hydrology. 
The    science    of   water,    its    properties,    phenomena, 
and  distribution  over  the  earth's  surface. 

Ichthyology. 
The    natural     history    of    fishes  ;     that    branch    of 
zoology     which     relates     to     fishes,     including     their 
structure,  classification,  and  habits. 


84  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Iconology. 

The  doctrine  of  images. 

Meteorology. 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere  and 
its  phenomena,  particularly  of  its  variations  of  heat 
and  moisture,  of  its  winds,  storms,  etc. 

Mineralogy. 

The    science    that    treats    of   minerals,  and    teaches 

how  to  describe,  distinguish,  and  classify  them. 

Myology. 
That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  muscles. 

Mythology. 
A  system  of  fables. 

1.  The  science  which  treats  of  myths  ;  a  treatise 
on  myths. 

2.  A  body  of  myths  ;  especially,  the  collective 
myths  which  describe  the  gods  of  a  heathen  peo- 
ple ;  as,  the  Mythology  of  the  Greeks. 

"  Imagination  has  always  been,  and  still  is,  in  a 
narrow  sense,  the  great  mythologizery — Lowell. 

Necrology. 
A  register  of  deaths  ;  an  account  of  the  dead. 

Neology. 
I.    The  introduction  of  new  words  into  a  language, 

or  a  new  system  of  terms. 


ISMS  AND   OLOGIES.  85 

2.     A  new  doctrine  ;  especially  (Theol.),  a  doctrine 
at   variance   with    the    received  *  interpretation    of    re 
vealed   truth  ;    a  new  method  of  theological  interpre- 
tation ;  rationalism. 

Neurology. 

A  description  of  the  nerves,  and  their  character. 

Noso'ogy. 
Classification    of     diseases    with    their     names    and 

definitions. 

Numismatology. 

The  science  which  treats  of  coins  and  medals. 

Ontology. 
The    science   of    beings.     That    department    of    the 
science    of    metaphysics    which    investigates    and    ex- 
plains  the    nature    and    essential    properties  and  rela- 
tions   of    all    beings,  as    such,  or   the    principles    and 

causes  of  being. 

Ophiology. 

The  history  and   description  of   serpents. 

Ornithology. 
A  description  of  fowls,  their  forms  and  habits. 

Orology. 
The  science  or  description  of  mountains. 

Orthology. 
The  science    that    treats  of   the    just  description  of 
things. 


86  ISMS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Osteology. 

The  science  or  desGription    of  animal  bones. 

Paleology. 

The  study  or  knowledge  of  antiquities,  especially, 
of  prehistoric  antiquities  ;   archaeology. 

Paleontology. 

The    science    that    treats  of    the  ancient  life  of  the 

earth,  or    of    fossils  which    are    the    remains    of    such 

life: 

Pantology. 

A     systematic    view    of     all     branches    of     human 

knowledge  ;  a  work  of  universal  information. 

Phrenology. 

1.  The  science  of  the  special  functions  of  the 
several  parts  of  the  brain,  or  of  the  supposed  con- 
nection between  the  various  faculties  of  the  mind 
and  particular  organs  in    the   brain. 

2.  In  popular  usage,  the  physiological  hypothesis 
of  Gall,  that  the  mental  faculties  and  traits  of  char- 
acter are  shown  on  the  surface  of  the  head  or  skull; 

craniology. 

Philology. 

The  branch  of  learning  that  treats  of  language,  its 
origin,  construction,  etc.  It  sometimes  includes  rhet- 
oric, poetry,  history  and    antiquities. 


IS3TS  AND   OLOGIES.  87 

Phytology. 
A  treatise   on  plants,  doctrine  of    plants. 

Physiology. 

1.  The  science  of  the  functions  of  all  the  differ- 
ent parts  or  organs  of  animals  or  plants. 

2.  A  science  of  the  mind  and  its  various  phe- 
nomena 

Physicotheology. 

Theology  or  divinity  illustrated  or  enforced  by 
physical  or  natural  philosophy. 

Pneumatology. 

The  science  of  elastic  fluid,  and  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances. 

Psychology. 

The  doctrine   of  the  soul,  the  mind. 

"  I  defined  psychology^  the  science  conversant  about 
the  phenomena  of  the  mind,  or  conscious  subject,  or 
self,  or  Ego." — Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Pseudology. 
Falsehood  of  speech.     A   liar  is  a  Pseudo. 

Pyrology. 

That  branch  of  physical  science  which  treats  of 
the  properties,  phenomena,  or  effects  of  heat  ;  also, 
a  treatise  on  heat. 


88  I^MS  AND   OLOGIES. 

Pyretology. 

"The  doctrine  of  fevers.  A  discourse  or  treatise 
on  fevers." — Hooper. 

Pathognomy. 

The  science  of  the  passions.  The  expression  of 
the  passions  ;  the  science  of  the  siijns  by  which  hu- 
man passions  are  indicated. 

Pharmacology. 

The  science  or  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

Photology. 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  liglit  ;  explaining  its 
nature  and  phenomena  ;  optics. 

Phonology. 

The  science  or  doctrine  of  elementary  sounds 
formed  by  the  human  voice. 

Pabdology. 

A  mathematical  operation  by  little  square  rods. 

Pathology. 

The  science  of  diseases,  their  causes,  etc. 

Pantheology. 
A  system    of    theology    embracing    all    religions  ;  a 
complete  system  of   theology. 


/S3fS  AND   OLOG/FS.  89 

Somatology. 

The  doctrine  or  the  science  of  the  g^eneral   proper- 
ties of  material  substances. 

Terminology. 
The  doctrine  or  explanation  of  terms. 

Toxicology. 

A    branch    of    medicine    which     treats    of    poisons,, 
their  effects,  antidotes,  and  recognition. 

Tropology. 
A  rhetorical  mode  of  speech   including   tropes. 

Uranology. 
A  discourse    or    treatise    on    the    heavens    and    the 
heavenly  bodies  ;  a  description  of  the  heavens. 


PART   11. 


MISCELLANY. 

Aryan. 

1.  One  of  a  primitive  people  supposed  to  have 
lived  in  prehistoric  times,  in  Central  Asia,  east  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  and  north  of  the  Hindoo  Koosh 
and  Paropamisan  Mountains  ;  and  to  have  been  the 
stock  from  which  sprang  the  Hindoo,  Persian,  Greek, 
Latin,  Celtic,  Teutonic,  Slavonic,  and  other  races  : 
one  of  the  ethnological  divisions  of  mankind  called 
also  Indo-European  or  Indo-Germanic. 

2.  The  language   of   the    original    Aryans    (written 

also  Arian). 

Art. 

1.  The  employment  of  means  to  accomplish  some 
desired  end  ;   the  adaptation  of   things  in  the  natural 
world  to  the  uses  of   life  ;    the  application  of  knowl 
edge  or  power  to  practical  purposes. 

2.  A  system  of  rules  serving  to  facilitate  the  per- 
formance of  certain  actions  ;  a  system  of  principles 
and  rules  for  attaining  a  desired  end  ;  method  of 
doing  well  some  especial  work;  often  contradistin- 
guished   from    science    or    speculative    principles  ;    as, 


94  MISCELLANY. 

the  art  of  building  or  engraving  ;  the  art  of  war  ;  the 
art  of  navigation. 

"  Science  is  systematized  knowledge  ;  art  is  knowl- 
edge made  efficient  by  skill." — J.  F.  Ge?iu?ig. 

3.  The  application  of  skill  to  the  production  of 
the  beautiful  by  imitation  or  design,  or  an  occupa- 
tion in  which  skill  is  so  employed,  as  in  painting 
and  sculpture ;  one  of  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  he  prefers 
art  to  literature. 

Analogy. 

A  resemblance  of  relations  ;  an  agreement  or  like- 
ness  between  things  in  some  circumstances  or  effects 
when  the  things  are  otherwise  entirely  different. 
Thus,  learning  eiilightens  the  mind  because  it  is  to 
the  mind,  what  light  is  to  the  eye,  enabling  it  to 
discover  things  before  hidden. 

Analogy  is  very  commonly  used  to  denote  simi- 
larity or  essential  resemblance;  but  its  specific  mean- 
ing is  a  similarity  of  relatio?is,  and  in  this  consists 
the  difference  between  the  argument  from  example 
and   that  from  analogy. 

"  In  the  former,  we  argue  from  the  mere  similarity 
of  two  things;  in  the  latter.  4;-om  the  similarity  of 
their  relations." — Karslake. 


MISCELLANY.  95 

Analogism. 

Course  of  reasoning  ;  to  think  over  ;  to    calculate. 

"An  argument  from  the  cause  to  the  effect  ;  an 
a  priori  argument." — JoJinson. 

"  Investigation  of  things  by  the  analogy  they  bear 
to  each  other."  —  Crabb. 

Anatomism. 

The  application  of  the  principles  of  anatomy,  as 
in  art. 

The  doctrine  that  the  anatomical  structure  explains 

all    the    phenomena    of    the    organism     or    of   animal 

life. 

Anthroposcopy. 

The    art    of    discovering    or    judging    of    a    man's 

character,  passions  and    inclinations    from    a  study  of 

his  visible  features. 

Alienism. 

The  state  of  being  an  alien.  That  is  alien  that 
does  not  belong  to  the  same  country,  land  or  gov- 
ernment, or  to  the  citizens  or  subjects  thereof  ;  for- 
eign ;  as,  alioL  subjects,  enemies,  property,  shores. 

Anthropolatry. 
The  practice   of   man  worship. 

Astrolatry. 
The  worship  of  the  stars  ;  idolatry. 


96  MISCELLANY. 

Atavism. 

The  recurrence,  or  a  tendency  to  a  recurrence,  of 
the  original  type  of  a  species  in  the  progeny  of  its 
varieties  ;  resemblance  to  remote  rather  than  to  near 
ancestors  ;  reversion  to  the  original  form. 

Androgynism. 
Union  of  both  sexes  in  one  individual;  hermaphro- 
ditism. 

Anglo-Saxonism. 

A  characteristic  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  ;  espe- 
cially   a    word    or     an    idiom    of    the    Anglo-Saxon 

tongue. 

Anti-Christ. 

A  denier  or  opponent  of  Christ.  A  great  antago- 
nist, person    or   power,  expected    to  precede    Christ's 

second  coming. 

Apologetics. 

That  branch  of   theology    which  defends  the  Holy 

Scriptures,    and    sets    forth     the    evidence    of     their 

divine  authority. 

Africanism. 

A    word,    phrase,    idiom,     or     custom     peculiar    to 

Africa  or  Africans. 

Altruism. 

Regard  for  others,  both  natural  and  moral  ;  devo- 
tion to  the  interests  of  others ;  brotherly  kindness, 
opposed  to  egoism  or  selfishness. 


MISCELLANY.  07 

Antichronism. 
Deviation  from    the  true    order  of    time  ;    anachro- 
nism. 

Agonism. 

Contention  for  a  prize, — a  contest. 

Athanasian. 

The  Athanasian  creed  is  an  exposition  of  Christian 

faith  by  Athanasius,  Bishop  of  Alexandria. 

Atheism. 
The  disbelief  or  denial  of   the  existence  of    a  God 

or  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

"  Atheism  is  a  ferocious  system  that  leaves  nothing 
above  us  to  excite  awe,  nor  around  us  to  awaken 
tenderness." — R.  Hall. 

*^ Atheism  and  pantheism  are  often  wrongly  con- 
founded."— Shipley. 

Agrarianism. 

An  equal  or  equitable  division  of  landed  property, 
the  principles  or  acts  of  those  who  favor  a  redistri- 
bution of  land ;  as  the  Agrarian  Sons  of  Rome, 
which  distributed  the  conquered  and  other  public 
lands  among  the   citizens. 

Alcoholism. 
A  diseased  condition  of  the  system,  brought  about 
by  the  continued  use  of  alcoholic  liquors. 


98  MISCELLANY. 

Anachronism. 

A  misplacing  or  error  in  the  order  of  time  ;  an 
error  in  chronology  by  which  events  are  misplaced 
in  regard  to  each  other,  especially  one  by  which  an 
event  is  placed  too  early  ;  falsification  of  chronolog- 
ical relation. 

Absenteeism. 

"  The  state  or  practice  of  an  absentee ;  especially 
the  practice  of  absenting  one's  self  from  the  country 
or  district  where  his  estate  is  situated  ;  as,  an  Irish 
absejitee!' — Macaulay. 

Absinthism. 

The  condition  of    being  poisoned  by  the  excessive 

use  of  absinthe 

Absolutism. 

The  state  of  being  absolute ;  the  system  or  doc- 
trine of  the  absolute  ;  the  principles  or  practice  of 
absolute  or  arbitrary  government  ;  despotism. 

Acrobatism. 

Feats    of     the    acrobat ;      daring    gymnastic    feats  ; 

high  vaulting. 

Animalism. 

The  state,  activity  or  enjoyment  of  animals  ; 
mere  animal  life  without  intellectual  or  moral  quali- 
ties ;  sensuality. 


MISCELLANY.  99 

Animalculism. 

The  theory  which  seeks  to  explain  certain  phys- 
iological ■  and    pathological    phenomena    by  means  of 

animalcules. 

Atomism. 

The  doctrine  of  atoms. 

The  Atomic  philosophy,  or  Doctrine  of  Atoms,  a 
system  which,  assuming  that  atoms  are  endued  with 
gravity  and  motion,  accounted  thus  for  the  origin 
and  formation  of  all  things.  This  philosophy  was 
first  broached  by  Leucippus,  was  developed  by 
Democritus,  and  afterwards  improved  by  Epicurus, 
and  hence  is  sometimes  denominated  the  Epicurean 
philosophy. 

Atomist  :  One  who  holds  to  the  atomic  philoso- 
phy or  theory 

Averroism. 

•  The  tenets  of  the  Averroists. 

AvERROiST  :  One- of  a  sect  of  peripatetic  philoso- 
phers who  appeared  in  Italy  before  the  restoration 
of  learning;  so  denominated  from  Averroes,  or 
Averrhoes,  a  celebrated  Arabian  philosopher.  He 
held  the  doctrine  of  monopsychism. 

A  Peripatetic  is  one  who  walks  about  ;  a  pedes- 
trian ;    an    itinerant.     The  word    peripatetic    also    sig- 


100  MISCELLANY. 

nifies  or  pertains  to  the  philosophy  taught  by  Aris- 
totle (who  gave  his  instructions  while  walking  in 
the  Lyceum  at  Athens)  ;  or  to  his  followers.  "The 
true  peripatetic  school." — Howell. 

Bacchanalianism. 
The       practice       of       Bacchanalians ;       bacchanals  ; 
drunken     revelry. 
Bacchanal  : 

1.  A  devotee  of  Bacchus  ;  one  who  indulges 
in    drunken    revels. 

2.  The    festival   of    Bacchus  ;  the    bacchanalia. 

3.  A  song   or  a    dance    in    honor    of   Bacchus. 

Barbarism. 
Savageness  ;   ignorance ;   impropriety  of  speech  ;  an 

uncivilized  state. 

Burkism. 

Practice  of  killing  persons  for  the  purpose  of 
selling    the    bodies    for    dissection. 

Baptist. 

1.  One  who  administers  baptism;  —  specifically 
applied    to   John   the  forerunner  of   Christ. 

2.  One  of  a  denomination  of  Christians  who 
deny  the  validity  of  infant  baptism,  and  of  sprink- 
ling, and  maintain  that  baptism  should  be  adminis- 
tered to  believers  alone,  and  should  be  by  immersion. 


MISCELLANY  101 

Cynicism. 
A  morose    contempt    of   the    pleasures   and   acts  of 
life. 

Cynic  :  One   of   a    sect   or   school    of    philosophers 

founded    by    Anthisthenes,    and    of    whom    Diogenes 

was    a    disciple.     The    first    C)'nics    were    noted    for 

austere  lives  and  their  scorn    for    social    customs  and 

current    philosophical    opinions.       Hence     the     term 

Cynic  symbolized,  in  the  popular    judgment,  morose- 

ness  and  contempt  for  the  views  of  others. 

Cardinal  Virtues. 
These    are     Prudence  ;    Justice  ;    Temperance  ;    and 

Fortitude. 

Certainties. 

The    immutable  and    undeviating  laws  of   nature. 

Moral  Certainties  are  such  as  are  supported  by 
the  evidence  of  reason  or  probability.  Its  opposites 
are  physical  and  mathematical  certainties. 

The  Senses  :  These  are  the  five  animal  senses — 
as  seeing  ;  hearing  ;  feeling  ;  tasting  ;  smelling.  To 
these  may  be  added  the  moral  senses,  that  is,  the 
sense  of  right  and  wrong,  common  to  all,  and  con- 
science. 

Casuistry. 

I.  The  science  or  doctrine  of  dealing  with  cases 
of    conscience,    of    resolving    questions    of    right    or 


102  MISCELLANY. 

wrong  in  conduct,  or  of  determining  the  lawfulness 
or  unlawfulness  of  what  a  man  may  do,  by  rules 
and  principles  drawn  from  the  Scriptures,  from  the 
laws  of  society  or  the  church,  or  from  equity  and 
natural  reason  ;  the  application  of  general  moral 
rules  to  particular  cases. 

"The  consideration  of  these  nice  and  puzzling 
questions  in  the  science  of  ethics  has  given  rise,  in 
modern  times,  to  a  particular  department  of  it,  dis- 
tinguished   by  the  title  of  casuistry." — Stewart. 

2.  ^'Casuistry  is  the  science  of  cases  {i.  e.,  oblique 
deflections  from  the   general    rule)." — DeQui?icey. 

Christian  Science. 
The  doctrine  that  Faith  and  Prayer  alone  are  all 
sufficient  to  remove  or  cure  any  and  all  diseases 
that  torment  or  afflict  the  human  body  ;  that  where 
Faith  and  Prayer  cannot  avail,  materia  medica  and 
a  physician  must  fail.  A  misuse  and  abuse  of  the 
words  Christian    and  Science. 

Charlatanism. 
Undue  pretensions  to    skill  ;  quackery  ;  wheedling  ; 

empiricism. 

Cliquism. 

A  tendency  to  associate  in  cliques  ;  the  spirit  of 
cliques. 


MISCELLANY.  103 

Conceptualism. 
A   theory  ;  intermediate  between  realism  and  nom- 
inalism, that  the   mind  has  the  power  of  forming  for 
itself  general  conceptions  of    individual  or  single  ob- 
jects. 

Criticism. 

I.  The  rules  and  principles  which  regulate  the 
practice  of  the  critic  ;  the  art  of  judging  with 
knowledge  and  propriety  of  the  beauties  and  faults 
of  a  literary  performance,  or  of  a  production  in  the 
fine  arts  ;   as,  dramatic  criticism. 

Crusade, 

1.  Any  one  of  the  military  expeditions  undertaken 
by  Christian  powers,  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries,  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy 
Land  from  the  Mohammedans. 

2.  Any  enterprise  undertaken  with  zeal  and  en- 
thusiasm ;  as,  a  crusade  against   intemperance. 

"Azure-eyed  and   golden-haired, 

Forth  the  young   crusaders  fared." 

— Longfellow. 
Death. 

The  cessation    of  life.     The  ceasing   to   exist. 

An    ingenious    theory   as    to    the    cause    of    death 

has   been  brought    forward   by    Philip,    in    his    work 


104  MISCELLANY. 

on  "Sleep  and  Death,"  in  which  he  claims  that  to 
the  highest  form  of  life  three  orders  of  functions 
are  necessary,  viz.:  the  muscular,  nervous,  and  senso- 
rial ;  that  of  these  the  two  former  are  independent 
of  the  latter,  and  continue  in  action  for  a  while 
after  its  cessation ;  that  they  might  thus  continue 
always,  but  for  the  fact  that  they  are  dependent  on 
the  process  of  respiration  ;  that  this  process  is  a 
voluntary  act,  depending  upon  the  will,  and  that  the 
latter  is  embraced  in  the  sensorial  function.  In  this 
view,  death  is  the  suspension  or  removal  of  the 
sensorial  function,  and  that  leads  to  the  suspension 
of  the  others  through  the  cessation  of  respiration. 
— Philip.     Sleep  ajid  DeatJi  ;  Dea?i,  Med.  Jur.  41  j  et  seq. 

Doctrine. 

1.  Teaching";  instruction. 

He  taught  them  many  things  by  parables,  and  said  unto  them 
in  his  doctrine.  Hearken. — Mark  iv.  2. 

2.  That  which  is  taught  ;  what  is  held,  put  forth 
as  true,  and  supported  by  a  teacher,  a  school,  or  a 
sect ;  a  principle  or  position,  or  the  body  of  princi- 
ples, in  any  branch  of  knowledge ;  any  tenet  or 
dogma ;    a    principle    of    faith ;     as,    the    doctrine    of 


MISCELLANY.  105 

atoms  ;  the  doctrine  of  chances  ;  the  doctrine  of 
gravitation. 

The  Monroe  Doctrine  (Politics),  a  policy  enunci- 
ated by  President  Monroe  ( Message,  Dec.  2,  1823), 
the  essential  feature  of  which  is  that  the  United 
States  will  regard  as  an  unfriendly  act  any  attempt 
on  the  part  of  European  power,s  to  extend  their 
system  on  this  continent,  or  any  interference  to  op- 
press, or  in  any  manner  control  the  destiny  of  gov- 
ernments whose  independence  has  been  acknowl- 
edged by   the    United   States. 

Syn. — Precept;  tenet;  principle;  maxim;  dogma. 
Doctrine,  Precept.  Doctnnc  denotes  whatever  is 
recommended  as  a  speculative  truth  to  the  belief  of 
others.  Precept  is  a  rule  laid  down  to  be  obeyed. 
Doctrine  supposes  a  teacher  ;  Precept  supposes  a  supe- 
rior, with  a  right  to  command.  The  doctrines  of  the 
Bible  ;  the  precepts  of  our  holy  religion. 

Dogma. 

1.  That  which  is  held  as  an  opinion;  a  tenet;  a 
doctrine. 

2.  A  formally  stated  and  authoritatively  settled 
doctrine  ;  a  definite,  established,  and  authoritative 
tenet. 


106  MISCELLANY. 

3.  A  doctrinal  notion  asserted  without  regard  to 
evidence  or   truth  ;  an  arbitrary  dictum. 

Syn. — Tenet  ;  opinion  ;  proposition  ;  doctrine. 

Dogma,  Tenet.  A  tenet  is  that  which  is  main- 
tained as  true  with  great  firmness  ;  as  the  tenets  of 
our  holy  religion. 

A  DOGMA  is  that  which  is  laid  down  with  authority 

as  indubitably   true,  especially    a    religious    doctrine ; 

as,  the  dogmas  of    the    church.     A  tenet   rests    on  its 

own    intrinsic    merits    or  demerits  ;  a  dogma   rests   on 

an   authority   regarded    as   competent    to    decide   and 

determine. 

Demonolatry. 

The  worship  of  demons. 

Darwinism. 

The  theory  or  doctrines  put  forth  by  Darwin. 

Darwinian  :  Pertaining  to  Darwin  ;  as,  the  Dar- 
winian   theory. 

This  theory  was  put  forth  by  Darwin  in  1859  in  a 
work  entitled,  "  The  Origin  of  Species  by  Means  of 
Natural  Selection."  The  author  argues  that,  in  the 
struggle  for  existence,  those  creatures  best  fitted  to 
the  requirements  of  the  situation  in  which  they  are 
placed  are  the  ones  that  will  live  ;  in  other  words, 
that  Nature  selects  those  which  are  to  survive.    This 


MISCELLANY.  107 

is  the  theory  of  natural  selection  or  the  sunnval  of  the 
fittest.  He  also  argues  that  natural  selection  is  capa- 
ble of  modifying  and  producitig  organisms  fit  for 
their  circumstances. 

Dilettanteism. 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  a  dilettante  ;  the 
desultory  pursuit  of  art,  science,  or  literature. 

Dilettante  :  An  admirer  or  lover  of  the  fine  arts ; 
popularly,  an  amateur ;  especially,  one  who  follows 
an  art  or  a  branch  of  knowledge  desultorily,  or  for 
amusement  only. 

Evolution  Theory. 
The  evolution  or  development  theory  declares  the 
universe  as  it  now  exists  to  be  the  result  of  a  long 
series  of  changes,  which  were  so  far  related  to  each 
other  as  to  form  a  series  of  growths  analogous  to 
the  evolving  of  the  parts  of  a  growing  organism. 
Herbert  Spencer  defines  evolution  as  a  progress  from 
the  homogeneous  to  the  heterogeneous,  from  gen- 
eral to  special,  from  the  simple  to  the  complex  ele- 
ments of  life ;  and  it  is  believed  that  this  process  can 
be  traced  to  the  formation  of  worlds  in  space,  in  the 
multiplication  of  types  and  species  among  animals 
and  plants,  in    the    origin    and   changes  of   languages 


108  MISCELLANY. 

and  literature  and  the  arts,  and  also  in  all  changes 
of  human  institutions  and  society.  Asserting  the  gen- 
eral fact  of  progress  in  nature,  the  evolution  theory 
shows  that  the  method  of  this  progress  has  been 
(i)  by  the  multiplication  of  organs  and  functions  ; 
(2)  according  to  a  defined  unity  of  plan,  although 
with  (3)  the  intervention  of  transitional  forms,  and 
(4)  with  modifications  dependent  upon  surrounding 
conditions.  Ancient  writers  occasionally  seemed  to 
have  a  glimmering  knowledge  of  the  fact  of  progress 
in  nature,  but  as  a  theory  "evolution"  belongs  to  the 
enlightenment  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Leibnitz, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  first 
uttered  the  opinion  that  the  earth  was  once  in  a 
fluid  condition,  and  Kant,  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  definitely  propounded  the  nebu- 
lar hypothesis,  which  was  enlarged  to  a  theory  by 
the  Herschels.  The  first  writer  to  suggest  the  trans- 
mutation of  species  among  animals  was  Buffon, 
about  1750,  and  other  writers  followed  out  the  idea. 
The  eccentric  Lord  Monboddo  was  the  first  to  sug- 
gest the  possible  descent  of  man  from  the  ape  about 
1774.  In  1813  Dr.  W.  C.  Wells  first  proposed  to 
apply  the  principle  of  natural  selection  to  the  natu- 
ral   history  of   man,   and    in    1822    Professor   Herbert 


MISCELLANY.  109 

first  asserted    the   probable   transmutation   of   species 
of   plants.     In    1844   a   book   appeared    called    "Ves- 
tiges of   Creation,"  which,  though  evidently  not  writ- 
ten by  a  scientific   student,  yet  attracted  g'-eat  atten- 
tion by  its  bold  and  ingenious  theories.     The  author- 
ship of   this   book  was  never  revealed  until  after  the 
death    of    Robert   Chambiers,   a    few    years    since  ;    it 
became    known    that    this    publisher,  whom    no    one 
would   ever   have   suspected   of   holding  such  hetero- 
dox  theories,  had   actually  written    it.     But   the   two 
great   apostles    of   the  evolution  theory  were  Charles 
Darwin  and  Herbert  Spencer.     The  latter    began   his 
great    work,    the     "  First    Principles    of    Philosophy," 
showing  the  application  of  evolution    in   the  facts  of 
life,  in   1852.     In   1859  appeared  Darwin's  "  Origin  of 
Species."     The  hypothesis  of  the  latter  was  that  dif- 
ferent   species    originated    in    spontaneous    variation, 
and  the  survival  of   the   fittest  through  natural  selec- 
tion   and    the    struggle    for    existence.     This    theory 
was  further  elaborated  and  applied  by  Spencer,  Dar- 
win,   Huxley,    and    other     writers     in     Europe    and 
America,  and  though  to-day  by  no  means  all  of   the 
ideas  upheld   by  these  early  advocates  of  the  theory 
are    still    accepted,  evolution  as    a    principle   is   now 
acknowledged    by   nearly  all    scientists.     It    is    taken 


110  MISCELLANY. 

to  be  an  established  fact  in  nature,  a  valid  induction 
from  man's  knowledge  of  natural  order. 

Empiricism. 

1.  The  method  or  practice  of  an  empiric;  pursuit 
of  knowledge  by  observation   and  experiment. 

2.  Specifically,  a  practice  of  medicine  founded 
on  mere  experience,  without  the  aid  of  science  or  a 
knowledge  of  principles  ;  ignorant  and  unscientific 
practice  ;  charlatanry  ;  quackery. 

3.  (Metaph.)  The  philosophical  theory  which  at- 
tributes the  origin  of  all  our  knowledge  to  expe- 
rience 

Eclecticism. 

Theory  or  practice  of  an  eclectic. 

Eclectic  :  One  who  follows  an  eclectic  method  ; 
selecting ;  choosing  (what  is  true  or  excellent  in 
doctrines,  opinions,  etc.),  from  various  sources  or 
systems  ;  as,  an  eclectic  philosopher  ;  an  eclectic  physi- 
cian who  selects  his  mode  of  practice  and  medicines 

from  all  schools. 

Egoism. 

I.  The  doctrine  of  certain  extreme  adherents  or 
disciples  of  Descartes  and  Johann  Gottlieb  Fichte, 
which    finds    all    the  elements   of    knowledge    in    the 


MISCELLANY.  HI 

ego    and    the    relations  which    it    implies    or    provides 

for. 

Eleaticism. 

The  Eleatic  doctrine. 

Eleatic  :  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  certain  school  of 
Greek  philosophers,  who  taught  that  the  only  cer- 
tain science  is  that  which  owes  nothing  to  the 
senses,  and  all  to  the  reason. 

Externalism. 

1.  The  quality  of  being  manifest  to  the  senses  ; 
external  acts  or  appearances  ;  regard  for  externals. 

2.  That  philosophy  or  doctrine  which  recognizes 
or  deals  only  with  externals,  or  objects  of  sense — 
perception  ;   positivism  ;   phenomenalism 

Experientialism. 
The    doctrine    that    experience,  either    that  of   our- 
selves or  of  others,  is  the  test  or  criterion  of  general 
knowledge  ;  opposed  to  intuitionalism. 

Epicureanism. 
Indulgence  in  luxury,  voluptuousness. 

Eudemonisin. 
That  system  of   ethics  which    defines    and  enforces 
moral  obligation  by  its  relation  to  happiness  or  per- 
sonal well-being. 


112  MISCELLANY. 

Euhemerism. 
The  theory,  held  by  Euhemerus,  that    the   gods  of 
mythology  were  but  deified    mortals,  and  their  deeds 
only  the  amplification  in  imagination   of    human  acts- 

Etherealism. 

The  state  of  being  ethereal ;  etherealness. 

Ether  :  (Physics)  A  medium  of  great  elasticity 
and  extreme  tenuity,  supposed  to  pervade  all  space, 
the  interior  of  solid  bodies  not  excepted,  and  to  be 
the  medium  of  transmission  of  light  and  heat  ;  hence 
often  called  liuniniferoiis  ether, 

2.  Supposed  matter   above    the  air  ;    the  air  itself 

3.  A  medium  of  communication.  "  Etherealizedi 
moreover,  by  spiritual  communications  with  the  other 
world." — HawtJwrne. 

Fate  of  the  Apostles. 

The  following  brief  history  of  the  fate  of  the 
Apostles  may  be  new  to  those  whose  reading  has 
not  been   evangelical  : 

St.  Matthew  is  supposed  to  have  suffered  martyr- 
dom or  was  slain  with  the  sword  at  the  city  of 
Ethiopia. 

St.  Mark  was  dragged  through  the  streets  of 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  till  he  expired. 


MISCELLANY,  113 

St.  Luke  was  hanged  upon  an  olive  tree  in 
Greece. 

St.  John  was  put  into  a  caldron  of  boiling  oil  at 
Rome  and  escaped  death.  He  afterward  died  a 
natural  death  at    Ephesus  in  Asia. 

St.  James  the  Great  was  beheaded  at  Jerusalem. 

St.  James  the  Less  was  thrown  from  a  pinnacle  or 
wing  of  the  Temple  and  then  beaten  to  death  with 
a  fuller's  club. 

St.  Philip  was  hanged  up  against  a  pillar  at 
Hieropolis,  a  city  of  Phrygia. 

St.  Bartholomew  was  flayed  alive  by  the  command 
of  a  barbarous  king. 

St.  Andrew  was  bound  to  a  cross,  whence  he 
preached  unto  the  people  till  he  expired. 

St.  Thomas  was  run  through  the  body  with  a 
lance  at  Caromandel,  in  the  East  Indies. 

St.  Jude  was  shot  to  death  with  arrows. 

St.  Simon  Zelotes  was  crucified  in  Persia. 

St.   Matthias  was  first  stoned  and  then  beheaded. 

St.  Barnabas  was  stoned  to  death  by  Jews  at 
Salania. 

St.  Paul  was  beheaded  at  Rome  by  the  tyrant 
Nero. 


114  MISCELLANY. 

Faith. 

1.  Belief  ;  the  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of 
what  is  declared  by  another,  resting  on  his  authority 
and  veracity. 

2.  The  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of  a  prop- 
osition advanced  by  another. 

3.  hi  theology^  the  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth 
of  what  God  has  revealed. 

4.  The  object  of  belief  ;  the  doctrines  or  system 
of  doctrines  believed. 

5.  Fidelity  ;  sincerity  ;  faithfulness  ;  honor. 

Fabian. 

Of,  pertaining  to,  or  in  the  manner  of,  the  Roman 
general,  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus  Verrucous  ;  cau- 
tious ;  dilatory  ;  avoiding  a  decisive  contest. 

Fabian  Policy  :  A  policy  like  that  of  Fabius 
Maximus,  who,  by  carefully  avoiding  decisive  con- 
tests, foiled  Hannibal,  harassing  his  army  by 
marches,  countermarches,  and  ambuscades  ;  a  policy 
of  delays  and  cautions. 

Gyneolatry. 
The  worship  of  women. 

"The  sentimental  gyneolatry  of  chivalry,  which 
was  at  best  but   skin-deep." — Lowell. 


MISCELLANY.  115 

Helot. 

A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta. 
Helotism  :  The  slavery  of  the  Helots. 
'*  Those  unfortunates,  the  Helots  of    mankind,  more 
or  less  numerous  in  every  community." — -/.    Taylor. 

Hagiolatry. 
The  invocation  or  worship  of  the  saints. 

Heliolatry. 

That  species  of  idolatry  which  consists  in  wor- 
shiping the  sun,  moon  and  stars. 

Humanism. 

The  study  of  the  humanities  ;  polite  learning. 

Humanist  :  One  of  the  scholars  who  in  the  field 
of  literature  proper  represented  the  movement  of  the 
Renaissance,  and  early  in  the  sixteenth  century 
adopted  the  name  Humanist  as  their  distinctive  title. 

"  She  looked  almost  like  a  being  who  had  re- 
jected with  indifference  the  attitude  of  sex  for  the 
loftier  quality  of  abstract  lm?nafiis/n.'' — Hardy. 

Iconoclasm. 

The  doctrine  or  practice  of  the  Iconoclasts  ;  imag^e 
breaking. 


116  MISCELLANY, 

Iconoclast. 

1.  A  breaker  or  destroyer  of  idols  or  images  ;  a 
determined  enemy  of  idol  worship. 

2.  One  who  exposes  or  destroys  impositions  or 
shams  ;  one  who  attacks  cherished  beliefs ;  a  radical. 

Iconolatry. 
The  worship  of  images  as  symbols. 

Ignis  fatuus. 

A  meteor  that  appears  in  the  night  over  marshy 
grounds,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  phosphoric 
matter,  extracted  from  putrefying  animal  or  vege- 
table substances,  called  Will  with  the  wisp,  or 
Jack  with  a  lantern. 

Judaism. 

The  tenets  and  rights   of   the  Jews. 

Sentiments  of  the  Jews: — i.  That  God  is  the 
creator  of  all  things  ;  that  he  guides  and  supports 
all  creatures  ;  that  he  has  done  everything  ;  and  that 
he  still  acts,  and  shall  act  during  the  whole  of  eter- 
nity. 2.  That  God  is  one  ;  there  is  no  unity  like 
his.  He  alone  hath  been,  is,  and  shall  be  eternally 
one  God.  3.  That  God  is  incorporeal,  and  cannot 
have   any  material   properties  ;  and   no   corporeal  es- 


MISCELLANY.  117 

sence  can  be  compared  with  him.  4.  That  God  is 
the  beginning  and  end  of  all  things,  and  shall  eter- 
nally subsist.  5.  That  God  alone  ought  to  be  wor- 
shiped, and  none  beside  him  is  to  be  adored.  6. 
That  whatever  has  been  taught  by  the  prophets  is 
true.  7.  That  Moses  is  the  head  and  father  of  all 
temporary  doctors  (teachers),  of  those  who  lived  be- 
fore, or  shall  live  after  him.  8.  That  the  law  was 
given  by  Moses.  9.  That  the  law  shall  never  be 
altered,  and  that  God  will  give  no  other.  10.  That 
God  knows  all  the  thoughts  and  actions  of  men.  11, 
That  God  will  regard  the  works  of  all  those  who 
have  performed  what  he  commands,  and  punish  those 
who  have  transgressed  his  law.  12.  That  the  Mes- 
siah is  to  come,  though  he  tarry  a  long  time.  13. 
That  there  shall  be  a  resurrection  of  the  dead  when 

God  shall  see  fit. 

Life. 

"Life  is  the  substance  of  the  forces  by  which 
death  is  resisted." — BicJiat. 

A  state  in  which  energy  and  function  is  ever  re- 
sisting   decay   and  dissolution. 

Legend. 

Any  wonderful  story  coming  down  from  the  past, 
but  not  verifiable  by  historical  record ;  a  myth ;  a 
fable. 


118  MISCELLANY. 

Method. 

1.  "An  orderly  procedure  or  process;  regular 
manner  of  doing  anything  ;  hence,  manner ;  way ; 
mode  ;  as,  a  method  of  teaching  languages  ;  a  method 
of  improving  the  mind." — Addiso?i. 

2.  Orderly  arrangement,  elucidation,  development, 
or  classification  ;  clear  and  lucid  exhibition  ;  system- 
atic  arrangement   peculiar  to   an  individual. 

"Though  this  be   madness,   yet   there's  method  in    it." 

— Shakespeare. 

"All  method  is  a  rational  process,  a  progress  toward 
an  end." — Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Syn. — Order;  system;  rule;  regularity  ;  way ;  man- 
ner; mode;  course;  process;  means. 

Method,  Mode.  Manner.  Method  implies  arrange- 
ment ;  ?node,  mere  action  or  existence.  Method  is  a 
way  of  reaching  a  given  end  by  a  series  of  acts 
which  tend  to  secure  it  ;  mode  relates  to  a  single 
action,  or  to  the  form  which  a  series  of  acts,  viewed 
as  a  whole,  exhibits.  Ma?i?ier  is  literally  the  handling 
of  a  thing,  and  has  a  wider  sense,  embracing  both 
metliod  and  mode.  An  instructor  may  adopt  a  good 
method  of  teaching  to  write  ;  the  scholar  may  acquire 
a  bad  ?node  of  holding  his   pen  ;  the  manner  in  which 


MISCELLANY.  119 

he    is    corrected    will    greatly    affect    his    success    or 

failure. 

Magic. 

A    comprehensiv^e    name    for    all  of    the    pretended 

arts  which  claim  to  produce  effects  by  the  assistance 

of  supernatural  beings,    or    departed    spirits,    or   by  a 

mastery  of  secret  forces  in  nature  attained  by  a  study 

of  occult  science,  including  enchantment,  conjuration, 

witchcraft,  sorcery,  necromancy,  incantation,  etc. 

"An  appearance  made  by  some  magic." — Chaucer. 

Celestial  Magic,  a  supposed  supernatural  power 
which  gave  to  spirits  a  kind  of  dominion  over  the 
planets,  and  to  the  planets  an  influence  over  men. 
Natural  magic,  the  art  of  employing  the  powers  of 
nature  to  produce  effects  apparently  supernatural. 

Superstitions,  or  Geotic,  magic,  the  invocation  of 

devils  or  demons,  involving  the  supposition  of   some 

tacit  or  express  agreement  between  them  and  human 

beings. 

Monism. 

That  doctrine  which  refers  all  phenomena  to  a 
single  ultimate  constituent  or  agent  ;  the  opposite  of 
dnalis7n. 

The  doctrine  has  been  held  in  three  generic  forms; 
matter  and  its  phenomena  have    been  explained  as  a 


120  MISCELLANY. 

modification  of  mind,  involving  an  idealistic  monism^ 
or  mind  has  been  explained  by  and  resolved  into 
matter,  giving  a  materialistic  inonism;  or,  thirdly, 
matter,  mind,  and  their  phenomena  have  been  held 
to  be  manifestations  or  modifications  of  some  one 
substance,  like  a  substance  of  Spinoza,  or  a  supposed 
unknown  something  of  some  evolutionists,  which  is 
capable  of  an  objective  and  subjective  aspect. 

Mariolatry. 

The  worship  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Moravianism. 
The  religious  system   of    the   Moravians. 

Mesmerism. 

The  art  of  communicating  a  species  of  sleep 
which  is  supposed  to  affect  the  body  while  the 
mind   or  intellectual    power  is    active  and  intelligent. 

Mountebank. 
A    stage  doctor,  a  false  pretender. 

Memnon. 

An    Egyptian     statue,    supposed    to    emit    musical 

sounds  at  sunrise. 

Memento  mori. 

> 

Be    mindful  of  death. 


MISCELLANY.  121 

Memorabilia. 
Things  worthy  to  be   remembered. 

Miracle. 

An  act  or  event  beyond  the  ordinary  laws  of  na- 
ture ;  a  wonder.  In  theology,  an  event  contrary  to 
the  established  course  of  things,  or  a  deviation  from 
the  known  laws  of  nature  ;  a  supernatural  event. 

Mirage. 

An  optical  effect,  sometimes  seen  on  the  ocean, 
but  more  frequently  in  deserts,  due  to  total  reflec- 
tion of  light  at  the  surface  common  to  two  strata  of 
air  differently  heated.  The  reflected  image  is  seen, 
commonly  in  an  inverted  position,  while  the  real 
object  may  or  may  not  be  in  sight.  When  the  sur- 
face is  horizontal,  and  below  the  eye,  the  appear- 
ance is  that  of  a  sheet  of  water  in  which  the  object 
is  seen  reflected  ;  when  the  reflecting  surface  is 
above  the  eye,  the  image  is  seen  projected  against 
the  sky.  The  fata  morga?ia  and  loomi?ig  are  species 
of  7nirage. 

"  By  the  mirage  uplifted  the  land  floats  vague  in  the  ether, 
Ships  and  the  shadows  of  ships  hang  in  motionless  air." 

— Longfellow. 


122  MISCELLANY. 

Nominalism. 

Words,  not  things,  are  the  object  of  dialectics. 
The  principles  or  philosophy  of  the  Nominalists. 

Nominalist  :  One  of  a  sect  of   philosophers  in  the 

Middle  Ages,  who  adopted    the  opinion  of    Roscelin, 

that  general  conceptions,  or  universals,  exist  in  name 

only. 

Nick. 

In  northern  mythology  an  evil  spirit  of  the  waters. 

Necrolatry. 

The  worship  of  the  dead  ;  manes  worship. 

Optimism. 

The  doctrine  that  everything  is  for  the  best,  or 
that  the  order  of  things  in  the  universe  is  adapted 
to    produce  the    most  good. 

Ostracism. 

Banishment  by  votes  on  shells  ;  banishment  by  the 
voice  of  the  populace. 

Pythian. 

Pertaining    to  Pythia,  the  priestess  of  Apollo 

Pythoness. 

A  priestess  who  gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi 
in  Greece. 


MISCELLANY.  123 

« 

Physiolatry. 

The  worship  of  the  powers  or  agencies  ot   nature's 
materialism  in  religion  •  nature  worship. 

Pauperism. 
State   of    indigence    requiring   maintenance    for   the 
poor  ;  state  of  being  poor. 

Petalism. 
Banishment  by  writing  a  vote  on  a  leaf. 

Pessimism. 
The  opinion  or   doctrine    that  everything    in  nature 
is   ordered    for    or    tends    to    the  worst ;    or    that    the 
world  is  wholly  evil  ;  opposed  to  optimism. 

Parseeism. 
The  religion  of  the  Parsees  ;    followers    of    Zoroas- 
ter. 

Parasitism 

The  manners  of  a  parasite,  a  hanger-on,  a  fawning 
flatterer  of  the  rich. 

Pharisaism. 

1.  The    notions,    doctrines    and    conduct     of     the 
Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

2.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  religion, 
without    genuine    piety ;     hypocrisy    in     religion  ;     a 


124  MISCELLANY. 

censorious,  self-righteous  spirit  in   matters    of    morals 

or  manners. 

Pharisee  :    One    of    a    sect    or    party   among    the 

Jews,    noted    for    a    strict    and    formal    observance    of 

rites   and   ceremonies    and    of   the    traditions    of    the 

elders,   and   whose    pretensions    to    superior    sanctity 

led    them    to    separate    themselves    from    the    other 

Jews. 

Phenomenon. 

1.  An  appearance  ;  anything  visible  ;  whatever,  in 
matter  or  spirit,  is  apparent  to,  or  is  apprehended 
by,  observation  ;  as,  the  plienomcna  of  heat,  light,  or 
electricity  ;  phe7iome?ia  of  imagination  or  memory. 

2.  That  which  strikes  one  as  strange,  unusual,  or 
unaccountable  ;  an  extraordinary  or  very  remarkable 
person,  thing,  or  occurrence  ;  as,  a  musical  phenom- 
ena. 

Psychical. 

Of  or  pertaining  to  the  human  soul,  or  to  the 
living  principle  in   man. 

"This  term  was  formerly  used  to  express  the  same 
idea  as  psychological.  Recent  metaphysicians,  how- 
ever, have  employed  it  to  mark  the  difference  be- 
tween the  living  principle  in  man  and  the  rational  or 
spiritual  part  of  his  nature.  In  this  use  the  word 
describes    the   human   soul    in    its   relation    to   sense, 


MISCELLANY.  ll>o 

appetite  and  the  outer  visible  world,  as  distinguished 
from  spiritual  or  rational  faculties,  which  have  to  do 
with  the  supersensible   world." — Hcyse. 

Psyche:    The  soul;  the  vital  principle;  the  mind. 

Parthenon. 
A  celebrated  Grecian  temple  of  Minerva. 

Proselytism. 
The  making  of  converts. 

Provincialism. 
Peculiarity  of  speech  in  a  province    or    district    re- 
mote from  the  metropolis. 

Purism. 
Immaculate  morals  and  conduct. 

Putanism. 
Customary  lewdness. 

Pantheon. 
The  temple  in  Rome  dedicated    to  all  the  deities. 

Pandemonium. 
The  council  hall  of  fallen  angels. 

Pythonism. 
The  art    of    predicting   events    after  the  manner  of 
the  priestess  of  Apollo  at    Delphi  ;    equivocal  proph- 
esying. 


12G  MISCELLANY. 

Quidnunc. 
One  curious  to  know  everything. 

Quixotism. 
Romantic  and  absurd  notions.  That  form  of  de- 
lusion that  leads  to  extravagant  and  absurd  under- 
takings or  sacrifices  in  obedience  to  a  morbidly 
romantic  ideal  of  duty  or  honor,  as  illustrated  by 
the  exploits  of  Don  Quixote  in    knight-errantry. 

Rhapsody. 

Unconnected  writing  or  discourse 

Rabbi. 

A   Jewish    doctor.     This   title   is    not    conferred    by 
authority  but  allowed  by  courtesy  to    learned  men. 
Rabbinic  :  The  language  of  the  Rabbins. 

Rabbinism. 

A  rabbinic  expression. 

Rabbinist  :  One  who  adhered  to  the  Talmud. 
The  body  of  the  Jewish  civil  and  canonical  law  not 
comprised  in  the  Pentateuch. 

Realism. 
I.     As    opposed   to    Nominalism,  the  doctrine  that 
genera  and  species  are    real    things   or  entities,  exist- 
ing independently  of  our  conceptions.     According  to 


MISCELLANY.  127 

Realism    the    universal    exists    ante    rem    (  Plato ),    or 
in  re  (Aristotle). 

2.  As  opposed  to  idealism,  the  doctrine  that  in 
sense  perception,  there  is  an  immediate  cognition  of 
the  external  object  and  our  knowledge  of  it  is  not 
mediate  and  representative. 

3.  The  doctrine  of  the  Realists,  who  maintain 
that  things,  not  words,  are  the  objects  of  dialectics, 
the  opposite  of  Nominalism. 

Religion. 

A  system  of  faith  and  worship. 

Rosicrucians. 

A  sect  of  philosophers  who  in  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury made  great  pretensions  to  science. 

Science. 

1.  Knowledge;  knowledge  of  principles  and  causes; 
ascertained  truth  or  facts. 

2.  Accumulated  and  established  knowledge,  which 
has  been  systematized  and  formulated  with  reference 
to  the  discovery  of  general  truths  or  the  operation 
of  general  laws  ;  knowledge  classified  and  made 
available  in  work,  life,  or  the  search  for  truth  ;  com- 
prehensive, profound,  or  philosophical  knowledge. 


128  MISCELLANY, 

3.  Especially,  such  knowledge  when  it  relates  to 
the  physical  world  and  its  phenomena,  the  nature, 
constitution,  and  forces  of  matter,  the  qualities  and 
functions  of  living  tissues,  etc.,  called  also  natural 
scie?ice,    and   pJiysical    science. 

Syn. — Literature  ;  art  ;  knowledge. 

Science.  Literature,  Art.  Sciefice  is  literally 
knowledge,  but  more  usually  denotes  a  systematic 
and  orderly  arrangement  of  knowledge.  In  a  more 
distinctive  sense,  science  embraces  those  branches  of 
knowledge  of  which  the  subject-matter  is  either  ulti- 
mate principles,  or  facts  as  explained  by  principles 
or  laws  thus  arranged  in  natural  order.  The  term 
literature  sometimes  denotes  all  compositions  not  em- 
braced under  science  but  is  usually  confined  to  the 
belles-lettres.  Art  is  that  which  depends  on  practice 
and  skill  in  performance.  "In  science,  scimus  ut  scia- 
mus;  in  art,  scimns  ut  prodiicamus.  And,  therefore, 
science  and  art  may  be  said  to  be  investigation  of 
truth  ;  but  one,  science,  inquires  for  the  sake  of 
knowledge ;  the  other,  art,  for  the  sake  of  produc- 
tion ;  and  hence  science  is  more  concerned  with  the 
higher  truths,  art  with  the  lower  ;  and  science  never 
is  engaged,  as  art  is,  in  productive  application.     And 


MISCELLANY.  129 

the    most   perfect   state   of   science,    therefore,  will   be 

the  most   high  and    accurate    inquiry  ;  the    perfection 

of   art  will    be  the  most  apt    and    efficient   system  of 

rules  ;  art   always    throwing    itself    into    the    form    of 

rules." — Kar slake. 

Syllogism. 

An    argument    of   three    propositions,  of   which   the 

two    first  are   called    the    premises,   and    the    last   the 

conclusion. 

Syncretism. 

A  mixture  in  philosophy  or  religion. 

System. 

Connection  of    parts  or  things  ;    a  whole  connected 

scheme. 

Savagism. 

State  of  man  in  native  rudeness. 

Scampism. 
Among    the    Persians,    a   mode   of    punishment    by 
confining  a  criminal  in  a  hollow  tree  till  he  dies. 

Scholasticism. 
The  method  or  subtleties  of  the  schools  of   philos- 
ophy ;    scholastic    formality  ;    scholastic    doctrines    or 

philosophy 

Scoundrelism. 

Baseness,   turpitude,  rascality. 


130  MISCELLANY, 

Sensationalism. 

1.  The  doctrine  held  by  Condillac,  and  by  some 
ascribed  to  Locke,  that  our  ideas  originate  solely  in 
sensation,  and  consist  of  sensations  transformed  ; 
sensualism  ;  opposed  to  rationalism,  and  intuitional- 
ism. 

2.  The  practice  or  methods  of  sensational  writing 
or  speaking  ;  as,  the  sensationalism  of  a  novel. 

Sciolism. 

Superficial    knowledge. 

Sciolist  :  One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows 
many   things  superficially. 

Sensualism. 

The  doctrine  that  all  our  ideas,  or  the  operations 
of  the  understanding,  not  only  originate  in  sensa- 
tion,  but  are  transformed. 

Schism. 

In  a  general  sense,  division,  or  separation;  but 
appropriately,  a  division   or  separation  in  the  church. 

Somatist. 

One  who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  sub- 
stances. 


MISCELLANY.  131 

Stoical. 

Those  who   affect    insensibility   to    pain,    mental  or 

bodily. 

Superstition. 

1.  An  excessive  reverence  for,  or  fear  of,  that 
which   is   unknown    or    mysterious. 

2.  An  ignorant  or  irrational  worship  of  the  Su- 
preme Deity;  excessive  exactness  or  rigon  in  relig- 
ious opinions  or  practice  ;  extreme  and  unnecessary 
scruples  in  the  observance  of  religious  rites  not 
commanded,  or  of  points  of  minor  importance  ;  also, 
a  rite  or  practice  proceeding  from  excess  of  scru- 
ples   in   religion. 

3.  The  worship  of  a  false  god  or  gods  ;  false 
religion  ;    religious  veneration   for   unworthy   objects. 

4.  Belief  in  the  direct  agency  of  superior  powers 
in  certain  extraordinary  or  singular  events,  or  in 
magic,  omens,  prognostics,  or  the  like. 

Syn. — Fanaticism.  Superstition,  Fanaticism.  Su- 
perstition springs  from  religious  feeling,  misdirected 
or  unenlightened.  Fanaticism  arises  from  this  same 
feeling  in  a  state  of  high-wrought  and  self-confident 
excitement.  The  former  leads  in  some  cases  to  ex- 
cessive rigor  in  religious  opinions  or  practice,  in 
others,    to   unfounded  belief   in   extraordinary   events 


132  MISCELLANY, 

or  in  charms,  omens,  and  prognostics,  hence  produc- 
ing weak  fears,  or  excessive  scrupulosity  as  to  out- 
ward observances.  The  latter  gives  rise  to  an  utter 
disregard  of  reason  under  the  false  assumption  of 
enjoying  a  guidance  directly  inspired.  Fa?iaticism 
has  a  secondary  sense  as  applied  to  Politics,  etc., 
which   corresponds  to  the  primary. 

The  Seven  Bibles  of  the  World 

Are  the  Koran  of  the  Mohammedans,  the  Eddas 
of  the  Scandinavians,  the  Try  Pitikes  of  the  Bud- 
dhists, the  Five  Kings  of  the  Chinese,  the  Three 
Vedas  of  the  Hindoos,  the  Zendavesta,  and  the 
Scriptures  of  the  Christians.  The  Koran  is  the  most 
recent  of  these  seven  Bibles,  and  not  older  than  the 
seventh  century  of  our  era.  It  is  a  compound  of  quo- 
tations from  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  the  Tal- 
mud, and  the  Gospel  of  St.  Barnabas.  The  Eddas 
of  the  Scandinavians  were  first  published  in  the  four- 
teenth century.  The  Pitikes  of  the  Buddhists  con- 
tain sublime  morals  and  pure  aspirations,  and  their 
author  lived  and  died  in  the  sixth  century  before 
Christ.  There  is  nothing  of  excellence  in  these 
sacred  books  not  found  in  the  Bible.  The  sacred 
writings  of  the  Chinese   are   called   the   Five   Kings, 


MISCELLANY.  133 

king  meaning  web  of  cloth,  or  the  warp  that  keeps 
the  threads  in  place.  They  contain  the  best  say- 
ings of  the  best  sages  on  the  ethico-political  duties 
of  life.  These  sayings  cannot  be  traced  to  a  period 
higher  than  the  eleventh  century  before  Christ.  The 
Three  Vedas  are  the  most  ancient  books  of  the 
Hindoos,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  Max  MuUer, 
Wilson,  Johnson  and  Whitney  that  they  are  not 
older  than  eleven  centuries  before  Christ.  The  Zen- 
davesta  of  the  Persians  is  the  grandest  of  all  sacred 
books  next  to  our  Bible.  Zoroaster,  whose  sayings 
it  contains,  was  born  in  the  twelfth  century  before 
Christ.  Moses  lived  and  wrote  his  Pentateuch  fif- 
teen centuries  before  Christ,  and,  therefore,  has  a 
clear  margin  of  three  hundred  years  older  than  the 
most  ancient  of  the  sacred  writings. — Little  Giant  Cyc. 

Traditionalism. 

A  system  of  faith  founded  on  tradition,  especially 
the  doctrine  that  all  religious  faith  is  to  be  based 
solely  upon  what  is  delivered  from  competent 
authority,  exclusive  of   rational  processes. 

Tradition  :     i.     The  unwritten  or  oral  delivery  of 
information,  opinions,   doctrines,    practices,  rites,  cus 
toms,  from    father  to  son,  or   from  ancestors  to  pos- 


134  MISCELLANY. 

terity  ;  the  transmission  of  any  knowledge,  opinions, 
or  practice,  from  forefathers  to  descendants  by  oral 
communication,  without  written  memorials. 

2.  (Theol.)  An  unwritten  code  of  law  repre- 
sented to  have  been  given  by  God  to  Moses  on 
Sinai. 

3.  That  body  of  doctrine  and  discipline,  or  any 
article  thereof,  supposed  to  have  been  put  forth  by 
Christ  or  his  apostles,  and  not  committed  to  writ- 
ing. 

"Stand  fast,  and  hold  the  traditiofts  which  ye  have  been 
taught,  whether  by  word,  or  our  epistle." — //  Thess.  it.  /j. 

Theology. 

The  science  of  God  or  of  religion  ;  the  science 
that  treats  of  the  existence,  character  and  attributes 
of  God,  his  laws  and  government,  the  doctrines  we 
are  to  believe,  and  the  duties  we  are  to  practice  ; 
divinity  ;  the  knowledge  derived  from  the  Scriptures, 
the  systematic  exhibition  of  revealed  truth,  the  sci- 
ence of  Christian   faith  and  life. 

"  Many  speak  of  theology  as  a  science  of  religion 
(instead  of  science  of  God)  because  they  disbelieve 
that  there  is  any  knowledge  of  God  to  be  attained." 
—Prof.  R.  Flint  {^Enc.  Brit?) 


MFSCELLANY.  135 

"Theology  is  ordered  knowledge  representing  in 
the  region  of  the  intellect  what  religion  represents 
in   the  heart  and  life  of  man." — Gladstone. 

Ascetic  Theology,  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  practice  of  theological  and  moral  virtue,  and  the 
counsels  of  perfection. 

Natural  Theology,  or  Natural  Religion,  is  that 
part  of  theological  science  which  treats  of  those  evi- 
dences of  the  existence  and  attributes  of  the  Su- 
preme Being  which  are  exhibited  in  nature ; — dis- 
tinguished from   Revealed  Religion. 

"  I  call  that  Natural  religion  which  men  might  know 
by  the  mere  principles  of  reason,  improved  by  con- 
sideration and  experience,  without  the  help  of  reve- 
lation."— Bishop  Wilkiiis. 

Moral  Theology,  that  phase  of  theology  which  is 
concerned  with  moral  character  and  conduct. 

Revealed  Theology  :  Theology  which  is  to  be 
learned  only  from  revelation. 

Scholastic  Theology  :  Theology  as  taught  by 
the  scholastics,  or  as  prosecuted  after  their  prin- 
ciples and  methods. 

Speculative  Theology  :  Theology  as  founded 
upon,  or  mfluenced  by  speculation  or  metaphysical 
philosophy. 


136  MISCELLANY. 

Systematic  Theology  :  That  branch  of  theology 
of  which  the  aim  is  to  reduce  all  revealed  truth  to 
a  series  of  statements  that  together  shall  constitute 
an  organized  whole. — Robinson  {Johnso7is  Cyc.) 

The  Mind  Cure. 

The  mind  cure,  otherwise  known  in  its  various 
subdivisions  as  metaphysics,  Christian  science,  mental 
science,  etc.,  is  a  species  of  delusion  quite  popular 
at  the  present  time.  Every  era  of  the  world  has 
cherished  similar  delusions,  for  the  mass  of  the 
human  race,  even  in  what  are  considered  the  edu- 
cated classes,  are  so  unfamiliar  with  the  processes 
of  exact  reasoning  that  they  fall  a  ready  prey  to 
quacks  of  all  kinds.  The  fundamental  idea  of  the 
mind  cure  system  is  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as 
sickness.  Disease,  says  one  of  their  apostles,  is  an 
error  of  the  mind,  the  result  of  fear.  Fear  is  only 
faith  inverted  and  perverted.  God,  who  is  all  good 
himself,  and  who  made  everything  good,  cannot 
have  been  the  author  of  any  disease.  As  disease, 
therefore,  is  not  a  creation,  it  has  no  existence,  and 
when  the  healer  has  succeeded  in  impressing  this 
fact  upon  the  mind  of  the  patient,  the  cure  is  ef- 
fected.    It  is  curious  to  note  into  what  utter  absurd- 


MISCELLANY.  137 

ities  the  need  for  consistency  carries    these   apostles. 
Poisons,    they    say,    would   be   quite   harmless    if  the 
fear  of  them  was  removed,  but    we    have  yet  to  find 
the  "mental  science"  teacher  who  will  undertake  to 
prove  this  by  herself  taking  liberal   doses  of  aconite 
and   strychnine.     The    illnesses   of   children    are    ex- 
plained   by   the    hypothesis  of    hereditary  fear.     The 
majority    of     the     teachers   of     this    new     faith     are 
women,    many    of   whom,    no    doubt,   are    sincere    in 
their  belief  ;   but    it   may    be    safely    stated    that   the 
men  engaged  as  the  so-called    physicians  of  the  new 
practice     are,     with      few     exceptions,     unprincipled 
quacks,    who    have    gone    into    the    business   for  the 
money  they  can    make    by  duping  the  ignorant.     As 
far  as  there  is  any  truth    underlying   the   vagaries  of 
mind  cures,  and  their   boasts  of   remarkable  cases  of 
healing,  it  may  be  admitted  that  the  mind  has  much 
influence  over  the  body.     This    fact   has   been  recog- 
nized  by    intelligent   physicians    for    centuries.     And 
that  the    peculiar   modern    type  of    nervous   diseases, 
which   are   so   largely   caused   by   excessive    stimulus 
of  the  nerves  and  imagination,  should  be  amenable  to 
cure  through  the  imagination,  is  not  strange.     It  will 
be  noted  that  this  mental    cure   has  effected  its  mir- 
acles mainly   among    women,  where    it   has  the  emo- 


138  MISCELLANY. 

tional  temperament  to  work  on,  and  almost  wholly 
in  the  ranks  of  the  wealthy  and  well-to-do,  where 
there  is  little  or  no  impoverishment  of  the  system 
by  insufficient  food  and  excessive  toil  to  hinder  its 
effects.  We  have  not  heard,  nor  are  we  likely  to 
hear,  of  any  epidemic  disease  checked  by  the  mind 
cure,  or  of  the  healing  of  acute  affections  or  organic 
troubles  through  its  agency.  Nor  do  we  hear  of  its 
seeking  to  carry  its  message  of  healing  into  the 
houses  of  the  suffering  poor  in  large  cities,  where 
hunger,  exposure  and  foul  airs  open  wide  the  door 
to  fevers  and  all  deadly  diseases,  nor  yet  into  hos- 
pitals for  contagious  or  incurable  affections.  In  the 
presence  of  such  realities  it  would  prove,  as  its 
votaries  probably  understand,  a  too  painful  mockery. 
Intelligently  analyzed,  therefore,  this  new  revelation 
amounts  to  nothing  more  than  a  quite  striking  proof 
of  the  remarkable  influence  of  the  mind  over  the 
nervous  system.  Beyond  this,  the  craze,  in  attempt- 
ing to  disprove  the  existence  of  disease,  and  to  show 
that  poisons  do  not  kill,  is  simply  running  against 
the  plain  and  inevitable  facts  of  life,  and  can  safely 
be  left  to  perish  through   its  own   rashness. 


MISCELLANY.  139 

The  Bible. 
There  is  no  date  from  beginning  to  end  in  the 
Bible.  It  comprises  some  sixty  documents  and  is 
supposed  to  have  been  written  by  about  forty  men. 
Fifty-four  miracles  are  recorded  in  the  Old  and 
fifty-one  in  the  New  Testament.  Total,  one  hundred 
and  five. — Little  Giant  Cyc. 

Theory. 

1.  A  doctrine,  or  scheme  of  things,  which  termi- 
nates in  speculation  or  contemplation,  without  a  view 
to  practice  ;  hypothesis  ;  speculation. 

"  This  word  is  employed  by  English  writers  in  a  very  loose 
and  improper  sense.  It  is  with  them  usually  convertible  into 
hypothesis,  and  hypothesis  is  commonly  used  as  another  term 
for  conjecture.  The  terms  theory  and  theoretical  are  properly 
used  in  opposition  to  the  terms  practice  and  practical.  In  this 
sense,  they  were  exclusively  employed  by  the  ancients  ;  and  in 
this  sense,  they  are  almost  exclusively  employed  by  the  Conti- 
nental philosophers." — Sir  W.  Hafnilton. 

2.  An  exposition  of  the  general  or  abstract  prin- 
ciples  of  any  science  ;   as,  the  theory  of  music. 

3.  The  science,  as  distinguished  from  the  art ;  as, 
the  theory  and  practice   of  medicine. 

4.  The  philosophical  explanation  of  phenomena, 
either    physical    or   moral  ;    as,    Lavoisier's   theory    of 


140  MISCELLANY. 

combustion;    Adam     Smith's    theory    of    moral    senti- 
ments. 

5.     A  theory  is  a  scheme  of  the  relations  subsisting 
between  the  parts  of  a  systematic  whole  ;   an  hypoth 
esis  is   a    tentative   conjecture    respecting   a   cause   or 
phenomena. 

Theurgy. 

1.  A  divine  work;  a  miracle;  hence,  magic; 
sorcery. 

2.  "A  kind  of  magical  science  or  art  developed  in 
Alexandria  among  the  Neophatonists,  and  supposed 
to  enable  man  to  influence  the  will  of  the  gods  by 
means  of  purification  and  other  sacramental  rites." — 
Schaff-Herzog  Encyc. 

3.  In     later    or    modern     magic,    that    species    of 

magic  in  which  effects  are    claimed    to   be    produced 

by  supernatural    agency,    in    distinction    from    natural 

magic. 

Tribalism. 

The  state  of  existing  in  tribes,  also,  tribal  feeling  ; 

tribal    prejudice  or    exclusiveness,  tribal    peculiarities 

or  characteristics. 

Themis. 

In  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks — the  Goddess  of 
Justice. 


MISCELLANY.  141 

Tantalism. 

"A  punishment  like  that  of  Tantalus  ;  a  teasing  or 
tormenting  by  the  hope  or  near  approach  of  good 
which  is  not  attainable." — Addison. 

Talmud. 
The  book  of    Hebrew   Traditions,  laws,  and  expla- 
nations. 

Truism. 

An  undoubted  or  self-evident  truth ;  a  statement 
which  is  plainly  true  ;  a  proposition  needing  no  proof 
or  argument  ;  opposed  to  falsism. 

Ultraism. 

The    principles    of     men     who     advocate    extreme 

measures 

Utopia. 

A  term    invented    by  Sir   Thomas    More,  from  the 

Greek   word,    meaning,  no    place,  and   applied   to   an 

imaginary  isle,  which   he   represents   as    enjoying  the 

greatest  perfection  in  politics,  laws,  etc.,  hence,  ideal, 

chimerical. 

Vernacularism. 

A  vernacular  idiom,  belonging  to  the  country  of 
one's  birth ;  belonging  to  the  person  by  birth  or  na- 
ture. 


142  MISCELLANY. 

Ventriloquism. 
The  art  or   practice  of    speaking  so   that   the  voice 
seems  to   come    from  a  distance. 

Vulgarism. 

A  vulgar  expression. 

W^orship. 

Religious  homage  and  service.  To  worship  is  to 
perform  acts  of  adoration  ;  to  perform  religious 
service  ;  to  pay  divine  honor. 

Witticism. 
A  sentence  or  phrase  affectedly  witty. 

Whigism. 
The  principles  of   Whigs  ;  a  friend  to  free  govern- 
ment, one  opposed  to  Tories. 

Zymology. 

The  doctrine  of   fermentation  of  liquors. 

Zoology. 
That    part  of    natural    history  which    treats  of    the 
structure,    habits,    classification,    etc.,    of   all    animals. 


DIVINATION. 

Divination  is  the  art  of  divining  ;  a  foreseeing  or 
foretelling  of  future  events  ;  the  pretended  art  of  dis- 
covering secret  or  future  things  by  preternatural 
means. 

There  shall  not  be  found  among  you  any  one  that  .... 
useth  divinatio7i,  or  an  observer  of  times,  or  an  enchanter. — 
Deut.  xviii  :  lo. 

Among  the  ancient  heathen  philosophers  ?iatural 
dix'ination  was  supposed  to  be  effected  by  a  divine 
affilitus  ;  artificial  divination  by  certain  rites,  omens, 
or  appearances,  as  the  flight  of  birds,  entrials  of  ani- 
mals, etc. 

Aeromancy. 

Divination   by  means   of  the  air   and  wind. 

Anthracomancy. 
Divination   by  inspecting  a  burning   coal. 

Anthropomancy, 
Divination  by  the  entrails  of  a  human  being. 

Aruspicy. 
Prognostication    by    inspection    of    the    entrails    of 
victims  slain  in  sacrifice. 

143 


144  DIVINATION. 

Astragalomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  small  bones  or  dice. 

Austromancy. 

Soothsaying  or  prediction  of  events,  from  observa- 
tion of  the  winds. 

Axinomancy. 

A    species    of    divination    by    means    of    an    ax    or 

hatchet. 

Alectryomancy. 

Divination  by  means  of  a  cock  and  giains  of  corn 
placed  on  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  the  letters  be- 
ing put    together    in    the    order   in  which   the    grains 

were    eaten. 

Aleuromancy. 

Divination  by  means   of   flour. 

Alomancy. 

Divination  bv  means  of  salt. 

.  Alphitomancy. 
Divination  by   means  of  barley  meal. 

Aeromancy. 

Divination  from  the  state  of  the  air  or  from  at- 
mospheric substances ;  also,  forecasting  changes  in 
the  weather. 


DIVINATION.  145 

Belomancy. 
A  kind  of  divination  anciently  practiced  by  means 
of  marked  arrows    drawn   at    random    from  a  bag  or 
quiver,  the    marks    on    the   arrows    drawn   being  sup- 
posed to  foreshow  the  future. 

Bibliomancy. 
A  kind  of   divination,  performed   by  selecting  pas- 
sages of  Scripture  at  hazard,  and  drawing  from  them 
indications  concerning  future  events. 

Capnomancy. 

Divination    by  means    of   the    ascent  or    motion    of 

smoke. 

Ceromancy. 

Divination  by  dropping  melted  wax  in  water. 

Chartomancy. 
Divination  by  written  paper  or  by  cards. 

Cleromancy. 
A  divination  by  throwing  dice  or  casting  lots. 

Coscinomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  a  suspended  sieve. 

Crystallomancy. 
Divination   by  means    of   a   crystal    or   other  trans- 
parent body,  especially  a    beryl. 


146  DIVINA  TION. 

Dactyliomancy. 

Divination  by  means  of  finger  rings. 

Daphnomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  a  laurel. 

Demonomagy. 
Magic  in   which    the    name  of   demons  is  invoked; 
black  or  infernal  maeric. 


"fc.' 


Enoptomancy. 

Divination  by  the   use  of  a  mirror. 

Gastromancy. 

1.  A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  words  seem- 
ingly uttered    from   the  stomach. 

2.  A  species  of  divination  by  means  of  glasses  or 
other  round,  transparent  vessels,  in  the  center  of 
which    figures    are  supposed    to  appear  by  magic  art. 

Geomancy. 
A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of   figures  or  lines, 
formed    by  little    dots    or    points,    originally    on    the 
earth,  and  latterly  on  paper. 

Gyromancy. 
A  kind  of  divination  performed  by  drawing  a  ring 
or  circle  and  walking  in  or  around   it. 


DIVINATION.  147 

Hieromancy. 

Divination  by  observing  the  objects  offered  in  sac- 
rifice. 

Hydromancy. 

Divination    by  means    of  water  ;    practiced    by    the 

ancients. 

Ichthyomancy. 

Divination   by   the  heads   or    the   entrails  of    fishes. 

Lecanomancy. 
Divination    practiced    with    water    in    a    basin,  by 
throwing    three    stones     into     it,    and     invoking    the 
demon  whose  aid  was  sought. 

Lithomancy. 
The  art  of  divination  by  means  of  stones. 

Metopomancy. 
The  practice  of  fortune  telling  by  physiognomy. 

Nomancy. 

The  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destiny  of  per- 
sons by  the  letters  which  form  their  names. 

Necromancy. 
The  art  of   revealing  future    events  by  means  of   a 
pretended    communication  with    the    dead  ;  the   black 
art ;  hence,  magic  in  general. 


148  DIVINATION, 

Omphalomancy. 

Divination   by   means  of   a   child's    navel,   to    learn 
how  many  children  the  mother  may  have. 

Oneiromancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  dreams. 

Onomancy. 

Divination  by  the  letters  of  a  name  ;   Nomancy. 

Onychomancy. 

Divination  by  the  nails. 

Ophiomancy. 
Divination  by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of  eat- 
ing, or  by  their  coils. 

Ornithomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  birds,  their  flight,  etc. 

Osteomanty. 
Divination  by  means  of  bones. 

Pedomancy. 

Divination  by  examining  the  soles  of  the  feet. 

Pyromancy. 
Fire,  divination  by  fire. 

Psychomancy. 
Divination  by  consulting  the  souls  of  the  dead. 


DIVINATION.  149 

Rhapsodomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  verses. 

Rhabdomancy. 
Divination  by  rods. 

Stichomancy. 

Divination  by  lines  or  passages  of  books,  taken  at 

hazard. 

Stigonomancy. 

Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

Sciomancy. 
Divination  by  means  of  shadows. 


INDEX. 


ISMS. 


DOCTRINAL   AND   SECTARIAN   ISMS. 


Ag-nos '  ti-cism 13 

Ar-min'i-an 14 

Au'to-the-ism  .14 

An'ti-no'mi-an-ism    ...  14 

A-pos'ta-sy 15 

As-cet'i-cism 15 

Al'lo-the-ism 15 

An'a-bap'tism 15 

An'gli-can-ism 16 

An '  thro-pop '  a-thism   ...  16 

Au'gus-tin'i  an-ism    ...  16 

A'ri-an-ism 16 

A-nath '  e-ma-tism   ....  16 

Bab 'ism I'j 

Ben'tham-ism 17 

Ba'al-ism 17 

Brah' man-ism 18 

Boodh 18 

Boodh'ism 18 

Bud'dhism .18 

Bi'the-ism 19 

Con '  sub-Stan '  tial-ism          .  19 

Con'gre-ga'tion-al-ism  19 

Cler'ic-al-ism 20 

Cen'o-bi-tism 20 


Cer'e-mo'ni-al-ism  ....  20 

Cor-po're-al-ism 20 

Cos'mo-the'ism 20 

Chil'i-asm 21 

Cal'vin-ism 21 

Dru' id-ism 21 

Dru'id. 22 

De-mo 'ni-an-ism 22 

De'mon-ol'a-try 22 

Dog'ma-tism 22 

Du'al-ism 22 

Di'the-ism 22 

De'ism 22 

Dol' lard -ism 23 

Bollard 23 

Don'a-tism 23 

Don'a-tist 23 

De'mon-ism    .  ...  23 

De-nom'i-na'tion-al-isra  23 

Eu-no'mi-an 23 

Eth'ni-cism 24 

Eu-hem '  er-ism 24 

E-van' gel-ism 24 

Ex'or-cism 24 

Es'se-nism 24 


150 


INDEX. 


151 


Hu-tych'i-an-ism 24 

Ks-tab'lish-men-ta'ri-an     .  25 

E-ras '  tian-ism 25 

Es '  o-ter '  ic-ism 25 

Fe '  tich-ism 26 

Form '  al-ism 26 

Fam'i-lism .26 

Fa-nat'i-cism 26 

Fa'tal-ism 27 

Gal '  li-can-ism 27 

Ge-ne' van-ism    ....        27 
Gnos'ti-cism 27 

Hen '  o-the-ism 27 

Hi'er-arch'ism 28 

"Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an-ism     .  28 

Hy'lism 28 

Hy-lop'a-thism 28 

Hy'lo-the-ism, 29 

I-de' al-ism 29 

Im'ma-te'ri-al-ism  .    .     .29 

I-den'tism 29 

Im-pe '  ri-al-ism 3° 

In '  fra-lap-sa '  ri-an-ism     .    .    30 

Jes'u-it-ism 3° 

Jan 'sen-ism 3^ 

Ka'ra-ism 3^ 

Lu '  ther-an-ism 31 

Lat'i-tu'di-na' ri-an-ism  .31 

Lab'a-dist 32 

lya' ma-ism 32 

Ma'gi-an-ism 32 

Man'i-che-ism 32 


Ma-te '  ri-al-ism 32 

Me-temp'sy-cho'sis  ...  33 
Mo-ham 'med-an-ism  .  .  33 
Mo-nas '  ti-cism   ....  33 

Mo-noth'e-lite 33 

Mon '  o-the-ism 33 

Mon'ta-nist    ...     .    .    •    •    33 

Mys' ti-cism 34 

Mil-len'ni-an-ism  ...  34 

Mis '  o-the '  ism 35 

Mo'dal-ist 35 

Mo'lin-ism 35 

Mon'o-psy'chism 35 

Mac'e-do'ni-an-ism   ...    35 

Male-branch 'ism 35 

Man'i-che-ism 3^ 

Na'tiv-ism 3^ 

Nat'u-ral-ism 3^ 

Ni'cene 3^ 

No-va '  tian-ism 37 

Naz'a-ri-tism 37 

Ne'o-no'mi-an-ism  ....  37 

Ne'o-pla'to-nism 37 

Or'i-gen-ism 3^ 

Ob-scur'an-tism 3^ 

Op'ti-mism 3^ 

Oc-ca'sion-al-ism 3^ 

Oc-cult'ism 39 

Par'tial-ism   ...     »   •       •  39 

Pa'gan-ism 39 

Prop '  a-gan '  dism 39 

Pre-mon '  stra-ten '  sian    .  39 

Pres'by-te' ri-an-ism    ...  40 

Plym'outh  Breth'ren  ...  40 

Pol '  y-the-ism    ....  40 

Pos '  i-tiv-ism 4° 


152 


INDEX. 


Prel'a-tism 41 

Pa'tri-arch-ism 41 

Pa '  tri-pas '  sian 41 

Pau'li-cian        41 

Per-fec'tion-ism    .       .     .    .  41 

Pan'the-ism 41 

Pla' ton-ism        .         ....  42 

Plo'ti-nist 42 

Pha-lan'ster-ism 42 

Phar'i-sa-ism 42 

Pi'e-tism 43 

Psy'chism .  43 

Pil'lar-ist    .    .                 ...  43 

Pa '  tri-pas '  sians 44 

Pe' do-bap 'tism 44 

Psy '  cho-pan '  ny-chism    .    .  44 

Pur'ga-to-ry 44 

Pur'i-tan-ism 44 

Pu'sey-ism 44 

Prot'est-ant'ism 45 

Psi-lan'thro-pism 45 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an-ism    .    .  45 

Prel'a-tist 45 

Pyr '  rho-nism 45 

Py-thag'o-rism  ......  46 

Qui'et-ism 46 

Ra'tion-al-ism 46 

Ro' man-ism 46 

Re-cu '  sant -47 

Sab'ba-tism 47 

Sa' tan-ism   ....            .    .  47 

Sbin'to-isra 47 

Scbo-las'ti-cism 47 

Sba'min-ism 48 


Sec-ta '  ri-an-ism 48 

Su '  pra-lap-sa '  ri-ans  ....  49 

Sto'i-cism 49 

Su'fism 50 

Swe'den-bor'gi-an-ism    .    .  50 

Su'per-nat'u-ral-ism    .        .  50 

Syn'cre-tism 51 

Spi'no-zism 51 

Spir '  it-u-al-ism 51 

Sab '  ba-ta '  ri-an-ism  ....  51 

Sa-bel'li-an-ism 52 

Sa'bi-an-ism    ......  52 

Sen'ti-ment 52 

Sen'ti-ment'al 54 

Sac'ra-ment'al-ism   .    .        -54 
Sac'ra-men-ta'ri-an     .55 

So-cin'i-an-ism 55 

Skep'ti-cism 55 

Sen'ti-meut'al-ism    .        .    .  56 
Schwenk '  feld-i-an    .    .         .56 

Tran '  scen-den '  tal-ism    .     .  56 

Tran'scen-den'tal    .    .  56 

Tav'ism   ....           ...  58 

The-oc'ra-sy 58 

The-od'i-cy 58 

Tri'the-ism 58 

The-os'o-phy -59 

The-og'o-nism 60 

The'ism 61 

The-os'o-phism 61 


Ul '  tra-mon '  ta-nism 
U'ni-ta' ri-an-ism  . 
U '  ni-ver '  sal -ism 
U-til '  i-ta '  ri-an-ism 


61 
61 
61 
62 


INDEX. 


153 


CIVIC   ISMS. 


An 'arch-ism 63      Le-git '  i-mistn 70 

An '  ti-civ '  ism    .    .     ....    63       Lib '  er-al-ism 71 


Boy'cott-ism 63 

Bu-reau'cra-cy 63 

Bi-met'al-lism 64 


.  .64 

....  64 

64 

.    .     .    .  64 

Cyph'o-nism 65 

Com '  mu-nal-ism    ....  65 

Com'mu-nism 65 


Col-lect '  iv-ism 
Chart 'ism  .    . 
Civ 'ism    .    . 
Cse '  sar-ism    .    . 


Car'bo-na'rism    .     .    , 
Cen'tral-ism   .... 
Con-serv'a-tism    .    .     . 
Cou '  sti-tu '  tion-al-ism 
Con-ven'tion-al-ism    . 


65 
66 

66 

66 

66 


Con'victrism 67 

Doc'tri-na'ri-an-ism    ...  67 

De-moc '  ra-tism 67 

Des'po-tism 68 

Dem '  a-gog-ism 68 

Ex-clu '  sion-ism 68 


Fe'ni-an-ism  .  .  . 
Feu'dal-ism  .  .  . 
Fil'i-bus'ter-ism   . 

In-civ'ism    .    .    . 
In '  di-vid '  u-al-ism 


Jac'o-bin-ism    .    . 
Know '  noth '  ing-ism 


68 
68 
69 


.    69 
•    69 

■    69 

70 


Mach '  i-a-vel '  ian-ism 
Mil'i-tar-ism  .  .  .  . 
Mal-thu'sian-ism   .    . 

Nep'o-tism    .... 

Ni'hil-ism 

Na' tion-al-ism  .    .    . 


01 '  i-gar '  chy 
Op '  ti-ma-cy 


Pa '  tri-ot-ism    .... 
Phal '  an-ste '  ri-au-ism 
Pan-hel'len-ism    .    . 
Pau-is' lam-ism   .    . 
Pan'sla'vism    . 
Pa-ter'nal-ism    .    . 
Pro-tec '  tion-ism    .    . 


71 
71 
71 

71 
71 
72 

72 
72 

73 
73 
73 
73 
73 
73 
74 


Rad'i-cal-ism  74 

Roy'al-ism 74 

Re-pub 'li-can-ism    .    .      .    .  74 

Sec 'tion-al-ism 75 

So'cial-ism 75 

Saint' -Si-mo 'ni-an-ism    .    .  75 


To'ry-ism   , 
The-oc '  racy 


76 
76 


Van'dal-ism    .......    76 

Vol'un-ta-ry-ism 77 

Voo'doo-ism 77 


154 


INDEX, 


OLOGIKS. 


Theoreticai.  and  scientific. 


Ae'ti-ol'o-gy  .....  78 

Ag'noi-ol'o-gy   .....  78 

Ag'ri-ol'o-gy 78 

A-le'thi-ol'o-gy    ...         .78 

Am '  phi-bol '  o-gy 78 

An '  gel-ol' o-gy 79 

An '  thro-pol '  o-gy 79 

An '  e-mol '  o-gy 79 

An'ge-ol'o-gy  .     .        .79 

An' thro-pop 'a-thy  .    .        -79 

Ar '  che-ol' o-gy 80 

As-trol'o-gy 80 

Au'gur 80 

As'tro-the-d'o-gy    .    .  84 

As'the-nd'o-gy 81 

Bat-tol'o-gy 81 

Bi-ol'o-gy 81 

Ce-tol'o-gy    .       81 

Chi-rol'o-gy 81 

Chi'ro-man'cy  .....  81 

Chro-nol'o-gy    .       .     ...  81 

Con-chol '  o-gy   .    .    ,     ...  82 

Cos-mol'o-gy 82 

Cra'ni-ol'o-gy 82 

Dem '  o-nol '  o-gy 82 

Ec-cle '  si-ol '  o-gy 82 

Es-thet'i-cism 82 

Eu-chol'o-gy  ....  83 

Eth-nol'o-gy 83 


Hi'er-ol'o-gy 
Ho-rol '  o-gy    . 
Hy-drol '  o-gy 


Ich '  thy-ol '  o-gy 
I '  co-nol '  o-gy     . 


83 
83 
83 

83 
84 


Me '  te-or-ol '  o-gy   ...        .84 

Min'er-al'o-gy 84 

My-ol'o-gy 84 

My-thoro-gy -84 


Ne-crd'o-gy  .    .    .    . 
Ne-ol'o-gy  .... 
Neu-rol'o-gy    .    .    . 
No-sol 'o-gy    .    .    .     . 
Nu-mis '  ma-tol '  o-gy 


84 
84 
85 
85 
85 


Ge-ol'o-gy    .    . 
Gi '  gan-tol '  o-gy 


83 
83 


On-tol'o-gy 85 

O'phi-ol'o-gy 85 

Or'ni-thol'o-gy 85 

O-rol'o-gy 85 

Or-thol'o-gy 85 

Os'te-ol'o-gy 86 

Pa'le-ol'o-gy .86 

Pa'le-on-tol'o-gy 86 

Pan-tol'o-gy 86 

Phre-nol '  o-gy 86 

Phi-lol  o-gy  ...     ....  86 

Phy-tol'o-gy    .......  87 

Phys'i-ol'o-gy 87 

Phys '  i-co-the-ol '  o-gy   ...  87 

Pneu' ma-tol 'o-gy 87 

Psy-chol '  o-gy 87 

Pseu-dol '  o-gy 87 


INDEX, 


Py-rol'o-gy    .    .    . 
Py r '  e-tol '  o-gy    .    , 
Pa-thog'no-my  . 
Phar '  ma-col '  o-gy 
Pho-tol'o-gy  .    . 
Pho-uol '  o-gy   .    . 
Pab-dol '  o-gy    .    . 
Pa-thol'o-gy   .    .    , 
Pan '  the-ol '  o-gy    . 


87 

88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 


So'tna-td'o-gy  . 

Ter '  mi-uol '  o-gy 
Tox '  i-col '  o-gy  . 
Tro-pol'o-gy  . 

U '  ra-nol '  o-gy    . 


155 
■    89 

•  89 

•  89 
89 


89 


MISCELLANY. 


Ar'yan 93 

Art 93 

A-nal'o-gy 94 

A-nal'o-gism 95 

A-nat'o-mism 95 

An '  thro-pos '  co-py    .  -95 

Al'ien-ism 95 

An-thro-pol'a-try 95 

As-trol '  a-try 95 

At'a-vism 96 

An-drog'y-nism 96 

An'glo-Sax'ou-ism       ...  96 

An'ti-Christ 96 

A-pol' o-get '  ics       96 

Af  '  ri-can-ism 96 

Al'tru-ism 96 

An-tich'ro-nism        .    .     .    .  97 

Ag'o-nism 97 

Ath'a-na'sian 97 

A'the-ism 97 

A-gra'ri-an-ism 97 

Al' co-hoi-ism 97 

An-ach '  ro-nism 98 

Ab '  sen-tee '  ism 98 

Ab'sin-thism 98 

Ab '  so-lu '  tism 98 

Ac '  ro-bat-ism 98 


An'i-mal-ism  .    . 
An '  i-mal '  cu-lism 
At'om-ism    .    .    . 
A-ver '  ro-ism    .    . 


98 

99 
99 
99 


Bac'cha-na'li-au-ism    .    .    .  100 

Bar'ba-rism 100 

Burk'ism 100 

Bap'tist 100 

Cyn'i-cism loi 

Car'di-nal  Vir'tues   .    .    .    .  loj 

Cer'taiu-ties loi 

Cas'u-ist-ry loi 

Chris 'tian  Sci'ence  ....  102 

Char 'la-tan-ism 102 

Cli'quism 102 

Con-cep'tu-al-ism 103 

Crit'i-cism .  103 

Cru-sade' 103 

Death    ....         103 

Doc 'trine .  104 

Dog 'ma 105 

De'mon-ol' a-try 106 

Dar' win-ism    ....            .  106 
Dil '  et-tan '  te-ism 107 


156 


INDEX, 


Bv'o-lu'tion  The'o-ry 
Em-pir'i-cism  .  .  .  . 
Ec-lec'ti-cism   .   . 

E' go-ism 

E'le-at'i-cism    .    .    .     . 
Ex-ter'nal-ism   .    .    .     . 
Ex-pe'ri-en'tial-ism   . 
Ep'i-cu-re'an-ism    . 
Eu-de'mon-ism  .    .    .    . 
Eu-hem '  er-ism   .    .    . 
E-the '  re-al-ism    .    .    . 

Fate  of  the  Apostles   . 

Faith 

Fa'bi-an 

Gyn'e-ol'a-try.  .    .    .     . 

He'lot 

Ha'gi-ol'a-try  .     . 

He'li-ol'a-try  .  .  .  . 
Hu' man-ism   .    . 

I-cou'o-clasm    .   . 

I-con'o-clast 

I '  co-nol '  a-try  .  .  .  . 
Ig'nis  fat'u-us   .    .    .    . 

Ju' da-ism 

Life 

Leg 'end 

Meth'od 

Mag'ic 

Mon'ism 

Ma 'ri-ol' a-try  .  .  .  . 
Mo-ra'vi-an-ism  .  ,  . 
Mes'mer-ism 


07 

10 

10 

10 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

12 

12 


12 
14 
14 

14 

15 
15 
15 
15 

15 
16 
16 
16 

16 

17 
17 

18 

19 

19 
20 

20 

20 


Mount '  e-bank 120 

Mem'non 120 

Me-men'to  mo'ri  ....      120 

Mem '  o-ra-bil '  i-a 121 

Mir'a-cle 121 

Mi-rage' 121 

Nom'i-ual-ism 122 

Nick 122 

Ne-crol '  a-try 122 

Op'ti-mism 122 

Os'tra-cism 122 

Pyth'i-an 122 

Pyth'o-ness 122 

Phys '  i-ol '  a-try 123 

Pau'per-ism 123 

Pet'al-ism 123 

Pes'si-mism 123 

Par 'see-ism    . 123 

Par '  a-si '  tism 123 

Phar '  i-sa-ism 123 

Phe-nom '  e-non 124 

Psy'chi-cal 124 

Par'the-non 125 

Pros'e-ly-tism 125 

Pro-vin '  cial-ism 125 

Pur 'ism 125 

Pu' tan-ism 125 

Pan-the'on 125 

Pan '  de-mo '  ni-um  .    .        .    .  125 
Pyth'o-nism 125 

Quid 'nunc 126 

Quix'ot-ism  ...  .    .  126 

Rhap'so-dy 126 

Rab'bi 126 


INDEX. 


157 


Rab' bin-ism 126 

Re'al-ism   ...     .       .     .    .  126 

Re-lig'ion 127 

Ros'i-cru'cians 127 

Sci'ence 127 

Syl'lo-gism 129 

Syu'cre-tism 129 

Sys'tem 129 

Sav'a-gism 129 

Scamp 'ism 129 

Scho-las '  ti-cism 129 

Scoun'drel-ism 129 

Sen-sa'tion-al-ism    ....  130 

Sci'o-lism 130 

Sen '  su-al-ism 130 

Schism 130 

So'ma-tist 130 

Sto'ic-al 131 

Su '  per-sti '  tion       131 

The    Seven     Bibles    of   the 

World 132 

Tra-di '  tion-al-ism 133 


The-ol'D-gy 134 

The  Mind  Cure 136 

The  Bible 139 

The'o-ry 139 

The'ur-gy 140 

Trib'al-ism .    .  140 

The 'mis 140 

Tan'ta-lism    .    .        .   .    .    .  141 

Tal'mud 141 

Tru'ism 141 

Ul'tra-ism 141 

U-lo'pi-a 141 

Ver-nac '  u-lar-ism 141 

Ven-tril '  o-quism 142 

Vul' gar-ism 142 

Wor'ship 142 

Wit 'ti-cism 142 

Whig'ism 142 

Zy-mol'o-gy 142 

Zo-ol'D-gy 142 


DIVINATION. 


An'thra-co-man'cy  .    .    . 

143 

An '  thro-po-man '  cy  .    .    . 

143 

A-rus'pi-cy    .    .     ... 

143 

As-trag '  al-o-man '  cy   .     . 

144 

Aus'tro-man'cy    ... 

144 

Ax-in '  o-man '  cy    . 

144 

A-lec'try-o-man'cy  . 

144 

A-leu'ro-man'cy  .    . 

144 

Al' o-man 'cy 

144 

Al-phit '  o-man '  cy    .    . 

144 

A '  er-o-man '  cy 

144 

Bel' o-man 'cy    ...     .       .  145 
Bib'li-o-man'cy 145 

Cap'no-man'cy 145 

Cer' o-man 'cy 145 

Char'to-man'cy 145 

Cler' o-man 'cy 145 

Cos-cin' o-man 'cy  .    .  145 

Cry s'tal-1  o-man 'cy  ....  145 


158 


INDEX. 


Dac-tyl '  i-o-man '  cy  .  .  .  .146 
Daph '  no-man '  cy  .  .  .  146 
De '  mon-om '  a-gy 146 

Kn-op'to-man'cy  .    .        .    .  146 

Gas'tro-man'cy 146 

Ge'o-man'cy  .  .  .  .  146 
Gyr'o-man'cy 146 

Hi '  er-o-man '  cy 147 

Hy '  dro-man '  cy  ......  147 

Ich '  thy-o-man '  cy 147 

Le-can '  o-man '  cy 147 

Ivith'o-man'cy    .....  147 

Met'o-po-man'cy 147 


No'man-cy 147 

Nee '  ro-man '  cy 147 

Om'pha-lo-man'cy   ....  148 

O-nei '  ro-man '  cy 148 

On' o-man 'cy 148 

On '  y-cho-mau '  cy 148 

O '  phi-o-man '  cy    .    .         .    .  148 

Or-nith' o-man 'cy 148 

Os'te-o-man'ty 148 

Ped' o-man 'cy 148 

Pyr' o-man 'cy 148 

Psy '  cho-man '  cy 148 

Rhap '  so-do-man '  cy  ....  149 
Rhab '  do-man '  cy 149 

Stich' o-man 'cy  .  .  ,  .  .  149 
Stig'o-no-mau'cy  .  .  .  .  149 
Sci' o-man 'cy  149 


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